1. Creation of a New Nation

2. Aim: What were the weaknesses with the Articles of Confederation? Background: o Issue: What would be the relationship between the new states and the national government? Regional loyalties o Republic: a government in which citizens rule through their elected representatives Republicanism: the idea that governments should be based on the consent of the people

3. Aim: What were the weaknesses with the Articles of Confederation? Weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation: o Congress could not enact and collect taxes o Congress could not regulate interstate or foreign trade o Regardless of population, each state had only one vote in Congress o Two-thirds majority need to pass any law 9 out of 13 states o Articles could be amended only if all states approved o No executive branch to enforce the laws of Congress o No national court system to settle legal disputes o No national unity

4. Aim: What problems did the Articles of Confederation have to deal with? Shay’s Rebellion 1787: o Daniel Shay leads a rebellion of farmers in Western Massachusetts o Caused by economic problems Lack of currency Shut down courts that were step up for debt collection and taxation 1,200 farmers begin to rebel Militia used to put down the rebellion Revision of the Articles of Confederation viewed as necessary

5. Aim: What problems did the Articles of Confederation have to deal with? Western Land: o Western land ordinance: plan for surveying the land o Northwest Ordinance: procedure for dividing the land into territories Set stages for statehood o Congress appoints governor and judges o 5000 voting residents, a temporary constitution, and government could be formed o 60000 settlers could write a state constitution and be granted statehood

7. How did the problems created by the Articles of Confederation lead to the drafting of a new Constitution? Philadelphia Convention: o James Madison-Virginia plan Bicameral legislator- based on population o William Paterson-New Jersey Plan Unicameral legislator-based on equal representation o Roger Sherman- Great Compromise Bicameral legislator o One house based on population (House of Representatives) o One house based on equal representation (Senate)

9. How did the problems created by the Articles of Confederation lead to the drafting of a new Constitution? Philadelphia Convention: (cont.) o Three-Fifths Compromise Three-fifths of a state’s slaves were to be counted as population

11. How did the problems created by the Articles of Confederation lead to the drafting of a new Constitution? Philadelphia Convention: (cont.) o Division of powers Federalism: the division of power between national and state governments Delegated Powers or Enumerated powers: powers granted to the national government by the Constitution o Ex: foreign affairs, national defense, regulating trade, between states, coining money Reserved Powers: powers kept by individual states o Ex: providing/supervision of education, marriage laws, regulating trade within the state Shared Powers: powers that both federal and state governments enjoy o Ex: taxation, borrowing money, paying debts, establishment of courts

12. How did the problems of created by the Articles of Confederation lead to the drafting of a new Constitution? Separation of Powers: o Three branches of government Legislative-to make the laws Executive- to carry out the laws Judicial- to interpret the laws o Checks and balances

14. Aim: What were the obstacles to ratification of the newly formed Constitution? Ratification procedure: o All states hold ratification convention o Ratification- official approval Required nines states

15. Aim: What were the obstacles to ratification of the newly formed Constitution? Federalists: o Favored ratification Balance of power between states and national government Division of Power and Checks and balances George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay Supported by urban population Smaller states The Federalist Papers o 85 essays defending the Constitution

16. Aim: What were the obstacles to ratification of the newly formed Constitution? Antifederalists: o Opponents to ratification o Opposed strong central government o Doubted that a single government could manage affairs of country o Lacked protection for individual rights o Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee o Supported by rural areas o Large states o The Federal Farmer

20. Aim: What are the powers given to the President by the Constitution? Powers of the President: o Chief Executive Enforce or put the laws into effect Act as administrator of the federal bureaucracy Issue executive orders that have the effect of laws Appoint judges and diplomats Remove appointed government officials within the executive branch

21. Aim: What are the powers given to the President by the Constitution? Powers of the President: (cont.) o Chief Diplomat Make treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate Make executive agreements with nations without Senate approval Extend or withdraw diplomatic recognition to a nation

22. Aim: What are the powers given to the President by the Constitution? Powers of the President: (cont.) o Commander in Chief Broad military powers that are shared with Congress Stronger during times of war

23. Aim: What are the powers given to the President by the Constitution? Powers of the President: (cont.) o Chief Legislator Recommend legislation to Congress Veto potential laws

24. Aim: What are the powers given to the President by the Constitution? Powers of the President: (cont.) o Chief of State Symbol of the nation

25. Aim: What are the powers given to the President by the Constitution? Powers of the President: (cont.) o Judicial Powers Grant reprieves Pardons Amnesties

26. Aim: What are the powers given to the President by the Constitution? Powers of the President: (cont.) o Head of the Party Leader of political party Unwritten constitution

27. Aim: Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college to elect the President? http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=hC6FYpxTY R4 http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=hC6FYpxTY R4

28. Aim: Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college to elect the President? Electing the President: o Article II of the Constitution outlines the process of electing the President and powers of office

29. Aim: Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college to elect the President? Electing the President: Electoral College System: o Voters cast ballots for electors o Electors cast ballots for President and Vice President o Number of electors determined by number of Senators + number of representatives o Majority of electoral votes to become President 270 electoral votes

30. Aim: Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college to elect the President? Electing the President: o 100 Senators + 435 Representatives + 3 electoral votes to Washington D.C. (23 rd amendment)

31. Aim: Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college to elect the President? Electing the President: o Census: counting of the population every ten years Impacts number of electoral votes http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=Nh Mgy894v5Q http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=Nh Mgy894v5Q

33. Review Do Now: Who actually elects the President of the United States? How is the number of these individuals chosen? List and explain two of the roles or powers of the President of the United States.

34. Aim: What are the powers given to the legislative and judicial branches in the Constitution? Powers of the judicial branch: o Article three of the Constitution o Creates the Supreme Court and gives Congress the power to create lower federal courts o Creates a National and State court system o Role is to interpret the laws

35. Aim: What are the powers given to the legislative and judicial branches in the Constitution? Powers of the judicial branch: o Jurisdiction: Authority, of the federal courts in order to make clear which cases go to the federal courts and which to state courts Two court systems Subject Matter

36. Aim: What are the powers given to the legislative and judicial branches in the Constitution? Powers of the judicial branch: o Judicial Review: enables the courts to hear cases involving the application and interpretation of law Laws can be ruled unconstitutional Marbury v. Madison

37. Aim: What are the powers given to the legislative and judicial branches in the Constitution? Powers of the legislative branch: o Article I establishes Congress o Bicameral legislature: Two houses House of Representatives: o At least 1 per state based on population o 2 year terms o Elected by votes of congressional districts o 25 years old o Citizen for 7 years o Resident of State in which you are elected

38. Aim: What are the powers given to the legislative and judicial branches in the Constitution? Powers of the legislative branch: o Senate: 2 per state 6 year terms Original Constitution Senators were elected by state legislature Amendment 17: Direct election of Senators

40. Aim: How does a bill become a law? Step #1: Member of Congress introduces a bill o Congressional clerk gives the bill a number and title o Bill goes to the appropriates committee

41. Aim: How does a bill become a law? Step #2: Committees review and vote on the bill o Committee specialize in certain areas Ex: Foreign policy Listen to facts and opinions Make changes or amendments to the bill Send back to the House and Senate for debate

42. Aim: How does a bill become a law? Step #3: Senate and House vote on the bill o Senate and House debate the bill separately o If the majority of the Senate and House approve the bill it is sent to the President

43. Aim: How does a bill become a law? Step#4: President signs or does not sign bill o If the President signs the bill it becomes law o President can veto the bill o Congress can override veto by 2/3 majority

44. Aim: How does a bill become a law? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJ_4LQ96Pds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxT7QjlvDqM

45. Aim: What are the formal and informal ways to amend the Constitution? http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=UTX9YsM ywks http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=UTX9YsM ywks

46. Aim: What are the formal and informal ways to amend the Constitution? Formal Amendment process o Article V discusses ways to amend or change the Constitution o Method #1: Proposed by Congress by a 2/3 vote in both houses Ratified or approved by the State legislature in ¾ of the states

47. Aim: What are the formal and informal ways to amend the Constitution? Method #2: o Proposed by Congress by a 2/3 vote in both houses o Ratified by conventions held in ¾ of the states

48. Aim: What are the formal and informal ways to amend the Constitution? Method #3: o Proposed at a National Convention called by Congress when requested by 2/3 of the state legislatures o Ratified by the state legislature in ¾ of the states

49. Aim: What are the formal and informal ways to amend the Constitution? Method #4: o Proposed at a National Convention called by Congress when requested by 2/3 of the state legislatures o Ratified by conventions held in ¾ of the states

50. Aim: What are the formal and informal ways to amend the Constitution? Informal Amendment process o Those not specifically mentioned in the Constitution o Precedent and traditions Ex: Cabinet and political parties o Congressional legislation o Presidential actions Ex: President does not have to declare war to send troops o Elastic clause o Judicial review