1. PRT 2008 Lecture 5

2. Use of new clone/variety and chemical

3. High yielding clones To increase yield we need new breed and quality seedlings To increase yield we need new breed and quality seedlings These breeds are obtained from research (biotechnology), These breeds are obtained from research (biotechnology), Examples: paddy (MR 219, MR 220), rice (MRQ 50, MRQ 74), oil palm, rubber, maize, fruits and vegetables Examples: paddy (MR 219, MR 220), rice (MRQ 50, MRQ 74), oil palm, rubber, maize, fruits and vegetables New varieties are capable of producing high yield, prevent diseases and use less fertilizers and pesticides New varieties are capable of producing high yield, prevent diseases and use less fertilizers and pesticides Tissue culture technique – does not require seedlings. Can use leaf, stem or root as source, e.g. orchid, herb (tongkat Ali, pegaga, etc. Tissue culture technique – does not require seedlings. Can use leaf, stem or root as source, e.g. orchid, herb (tongkat Ali, pegaga, etc. Genetic engineering – produce plant that can withstand disease attack, e.g. papaya can prevent virus attack (papaya spot virus). Tomato – DNA of cultured tomato mixed with the wild one. Tapioca (bigger and more sugar) – use of E. coli. Genetic engineering – produce plant that can withstand disease attack, e.g. papaya can prevent virus attack (papaya spot virus). Tomato – DNA of cultured tomato mixed with the wild one. Tapioca (bigger and more sugar) – use of E. coli.

4. Use of chemicals The government advocates quality product and environment- friendly agriculture production The government advocates quality product and environment- friendly agriculture production GAP – good agricultural practice GAP – good agricultural practice GMP – good manufacturing practice GMP – good manufacturing practice GFM – good farm practice GFM – good farm practice Use chemical according to accepted procedures and practice Use chemical according to accepted procedures and practice Use effective micro-organisms to enhance growth Use effective micro-organisms to enhance growth Biological control – ants in cocoa. Trichoderma prevent the attack of Fusarium. Owl (burung pungguk) control mice in paddy field. Biological control – ants in cocoa. Trichoderma prevent the attack of Fusarium. Owl (burung pungguk) control mice in paddy field. Sustainable agriculture – use correct amount of fertilizers, organic matter and natural resources Sustainable agriculture – use correct amount of fertilizers, organic matter and natural resources

5. Precision agriculture Site-specific nutrient management

6. Mechanization Use of modern machinery to reduce production cost and better product quality, e.g. for land preparation, fertilizer application, pesticide, harvesting Use of modern machinery to reduce production cost and better product quality, e.g. for land preparation, fertilizer application, pesticide, harvesting Hydroponics Hydroponics Aquaculture Aquaculture Dairy Dairy Post-harvest Post-harvest Equipment to process food Equipment to process food

7. Food biotechnology Improvement of products to satisfy the requirement of consumers Improvement of products to satisfy the requirement of consumers Lipase, an enzyme produced from palm oil mill effluent is frequently used in biotechnology Lipase, an enzyme produced from palm oil mill effluent is frequently used in biotechnology Extraction of antioxidant from plants for cosmetic as well as health food Extraction of antioxidant from plants for cosmetic as well as health food Health drink Health drink

8. Export Increase in export to overseas market, e.g. durian, papaya, flowers ornamental plants. Fruit export in 2002 was RM 298 m. Flower – RM 100 m. Increase in export to overseas market, e.g. durian, papaya, flowers ornamental plants. Fruit export in 2002 was RM 298 m. Flower – RM 100 m. Our target is for a surplus of RM 904 million by 2010. Our target is for a surplus of RM 904 million by 2010.