1. Organic Chemistry By: Charlie Carrick 9C

2. Table of Contents Pg 1 – Cover Page Pg 1 – Cover Page Pg 2 – Table of Contents Pg 2 – Table of Contents Pg 3 – Carbon General Information Pg 3 – Carbon General Information Pg 4 – Carbon Diagram Pg 4 – Carbon Diagram Pg 5 – Substances Containing Carbon Pg 5 – Substances Containing Carbon Pg 6 – Impact of Carbon on the Environment Pg 6 – Impact of Carbon on the Environment Pg 7 – Alkenes General Information Pg 7 – Alkenes General Information Pg 8 – Alkenes Diagram Pg 8 – Alkenes Diagram Pg 9 – Alkanes General Information Pg 9 – Alkanes General Information Pg 10 – Alkanes Diagram Pg 10 – Alkanes Diagram Pg 11 – How to name a complicated branched alkane Pg 11 – How to name a complicated branched alkane Pg 12 – General Information – Alkenes Pg 12 – General Information – Alkenes Pg 13 – Alkene Diagram Pg 13 – Alkene Diagram Pg 14 – Substitution Pg 14 – Substitution Pg 15 – Bromination Pg 15 – Bromination Pg 16 – Hydrogenation Pg 16 – Hydrogenation Pg 17 – Hydration Pg 17 – Hydration Pg 18 – Haloalkenes Pg 18 – Haloalkenes Pg 19 – Isomers Pg 19 – Isomers Pg 20 – Alcohols Pg 20 – Alcohols Pg 21 – Organic Acids Pg 21 – Organic Acids Pg - Bibliography Pg - Bibliography

3. Carbon-General Information Carbon is an element that forms many things when joined with other elements. Carbon is an element that forms many things when joined with other elements. It can form over ten million compounds that we know of. It can form over ten million compounds that we know of. It’s chemical symbol is C, it’s atomic number is 6. It’s chemical symbol is C, it’s atomic number is 6. We breathe in 0.003% of carbon and breathe out 4%, which is absorbed in by the plants, who depend on it to live. We breathe in 0.003% of carbon and breathe out 4%, which is absorbed in by the plants, who depend on it to live. Carbon is, however, a major contributor of air pollution and it can be very harmful to us. Carbon is, however, a major contributor of air pollution and it can be very harmful to us. Carbon is a non-metal and forms covalent bonding, making it different from other elements because it is the only element that is able to do this. Carbon is a non-metal and forms covalent bonding, making it different from other elements because it is the only element that is able to do this. There are 810 gigatonnes of carbon in the earth’s atmosphere There are 810 gigatonnes of carbon in the earth’s atmosphere It has a valency of 4 It has a valency of 4

4. Carbon Diagram http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0006.gif http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0006.gif http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0006.gif

5. Different Substances that Contain Carbon Coal-over 50% Diamonds-pure carbon SootCokeGraphite Carbon is the basis of all organic chemistry AntibioticsAlcoholFat Fossil Fuels Pencils

6. Hydrocarbons Long chains or ring structure Burnt in excess air – Co2+H2O Simplest organic carbon

7. Impacts that Carbon has on the Environment It reacts with other elements and contributes to acid rain which is dangerous for our skin. It is actually what plants breathe, so it is good for us when it is plants breathing it. As I already said, carbon is the basis for all organic chemistry (life). Carbon by itself is not usually the problem, it is when we burn it and when it is mixed with other elements to form some very deadly and toxic gases that pollute and kill the environment

8. Compounds Containing Carbon Carbon dioxide, a very common gas Carbon monoxide, a gas that comes out of cars Carbon Disulfide Carbon monofluoride Carbon subnitride Carbon suboxid Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetra iodide Carbon trioxide Carbonic acid Carbonyl sulfide

9. You can find out how much carbon you are using by going to this website and answering the questions: http://www.carbonfootprint.com/ http://www.carbonfootprint.com/

10. Alkanes-General Information An alkane is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, similar to an alkene, but still different An alkane is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, similar to an alkene, but still different Alkanes are known to bond to certain metals Alkanes are known to bond to certain metals They are not as reactive as alkenes They are not as reactive as alkenes The simplest alkane there is, is methane The simplest alkane there is, is methane Alkanes can form different isomers if they have more than two carbon atoms Alkanes can form different isomers if they have more than two carbon atoms Another name for an alkane is “paraffin,” but this is more of a general term Another name for an alkane is “paraffin,” but this is more of a general term

11. Alkanes Diagram http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/C H11/unit7/U07L06/CHEM11_A3 _694.jpg http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/C H11/unit7/U07L06/CHEM11_A3 _694.jpg http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/C H11/unit7/U07L06/CHEM11_A3 _694.jpg http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/C H11/unit7/U07L06/CHEM11_A3 _694.jpg http://www.webelements. com/webelements/elements /media/kossel-pics/C.jpg http://www.webelements. com/webelements/elements /media/kossel-pics/C.jpg http://www.webelements. com/webelements/elements /media/kossel-pics/C.jpg http://www.webelements. com/webelements/elements /media/kossel-pics/C.jpg

12. These are the steps to name more complicated branched alkanes taken straight from a website: Identify the longest linear chain of carbon atoms. Identify the longest linear chain of carbon atoms. This portion is named as if it were a linear alkane (i.e. 4 linear carbon atoms would be a butane). This portion is named as if it were a linear alkane (i.e. 4 linear carbon atoms would be a butane). One of the terminal ends of this chain is numbered 1. The terminus which has the fewest carbon atoms from the branch is numbered 1. One of the terminal ends of this chain is numbered 1. The terminus which has the fewest carbon atoms from the branch is numbered 1. the nomenclature is determined for the branching group in a similar fashion as above. the nomenclature is determined for the branching group in a similar fashion as above. the compound is then named (branching number e.g. 2)-(name of branching group, e.g. methyl)-(name of longest linear chain, e.g. butane) so as to give you the alkane's name, e.g. 2-methyl- butane which is shown right. the compound is then named (branching number e.g. 2)-(name of branching group, e.g. methyl)-(name of longest linear chain, e.g. butane) so as to give you the alkane's name, e.g. 2-methyl- butane which is shown right.

13. Alkenes-General Information An alkene can also be called an olefin, vinyl compound or olefin An alkene can also be called an olefin, vinyl compound or olefin It contains at least one carbon-to-carbon bond It contains at least one carbon-to-carbon bond The simplest ones form a hydrocarbons series The simplest ones form a hydrocarbons series The simplest forms are also usually gases The simplest forms are also usually gases Alkenes are relatively stable Alkenes are relatively stable Cracking of petroleum is a common synthesis path Cracking of petroleum is a common synthesis path

14. Diagram of Alkenes http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/re search/groups/images/cyclopentan e_complex.gif http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/re search/groups/images/cyclopentan e_complex.gif http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/re search/groups/images/cyclopentan e_complex.gif http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/re search/groups/images/cyclopentan e_complex.gif http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objec ts/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/Chapt er_18/FG18_02-13un.JPG http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objec ts/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/Chapt er_18/FG18_02-13un.JPG http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objec ts/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/Chapt er_18/FG18_02-13un.JPG http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objec ts/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/Chapt er_18/FG18_02-13un.JPG

15. Alkynes An alkyne is a type of hydrocarbon that has a triple bond, always between carbon atoms An alkyne is a type of hydrocarbon that has a triple bond, always between carbon atoms Formula - CnH2n-2. Formula - CnH2n-2. Alkynes are very reactive and they are also unstable Alkynes are very reactive and they are also unstable “RC≡CH + B → RC≡C− + HB+, where B denotes a strong base.” “RC≡CH + B → RC≡C− + HB+, where B denotes a strong base.” There are terminal and internal kinds of alkynes There are terminal and internal kinds of alkynes Terminal alkynes have joined to the triple bond (through the carbon) a hydrogen atom Terminal alkynes have joined to the triple bond (through the carbon) a hydrogen atom Internal alkynes have a different atom linked to the carbon atom in the triple bond, sometimes they can be carbon as well Internal alkynes have a different atom linked to the carbon atom in the triple bond, sometimes they can be carbon as well Alkynes are used a lot in organic chemistry Alkynes are used a lot in organic chemistry Dehydrohalegenation is a way to prepare alkynes for what you want to do with them Dehydrohalegenation is a way to prepare alkynes for what you want to do with them

16. Substitution To substitute in organic chemistry is to replace an atom, functional group, or a substituent in a molecule To substitute in organic chemistry is to replace an atom, functional group, or a substituent in a molecule They could be replaced by things like alkyls, hydroxyls or halogens They could be replaced by things like alkyls, hydroxyls or halogens Common substitution reactions are nucleophilic substitutions and halogenations Common substitution reactions are nucleophilic substitutions and halogenations

17. Bromination Bromination is where you combine a substance with a bromine Bromination is where you combine a substance with a bromine It is a word used to specify the type of halogen It is a word used to specify the type of halogen Alkene + Bromine water =Bromo-ethane Alkene + Bromine water =Bromo-ethane

18. Hydrogenation Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction where the result is an addition of hydrogen Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction where the result is an addition of hydrogen Usual targets are unsaturated organic compounds Usual targets are unsaturated organic compounds Unsaturated hydrogenation is known as an alkene Unsaturated hydrogenation is known as an alkene

19. Hydration The addition of water The addition of water Double alkene-C-C Double alkene-C-C Alcohol or ethanol, good for disinfecting things Alcohol or ethanol, good for disinfecting things Methanol however is very toxic for people and animals Methanol however is very toxic for people and animals

20. Haloalkanes Also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides Also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides A compound where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in an alkane A compound where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in an alkane They have different classes to determine the type of haloalkane depending on where the halogen atom is They have different classes to determine the type of haloalkane depending on where the halogen atom is The three types are primary, secondary and tertiary The three types are primary, secondary and tertiary The primary types are where the carbon atom is only linked to one other alkyl group The primary types are where the carbon atom is only linked to one other alkyl group The secondary type carbon atoms are linked to 2 other alkyl groups, they can be the same or different, it doesn’t matter The secondary type carbon atoms are linked to 2 other alkyl groups, they can be the same or different, it doesn’t matter The tertiary type is where the carbon atoms are linked to 3 different/similar alkyl groups The tertiary type is where the carbon atoms are linked to 3 different/similar alkyl groups

21. Isomers The same atoms and chemical formula but they are arranged differently (structural forms) The same atoms and chemical formula but they are arranged differently (structural forms) There are two main forms; structural isomerism and stereoisomerism There are two main forms; structural isomerism and stereoisomerism There are many different kinds of isomers and they are used for a wide range of things, although it can be quite pricy There are many different kinds of isomers and they are used for a wide range of things, although it can be quite pricy

22. Alcohols Is gained by the method of fermentation Is gained by the method of fermentation A simple equation for an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH A simple equation for an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH Generally refers to the word ethanol Generally refers to the word ethanol There are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols based on how many carbons are connected together There are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols based on how many carbons are connected together The simplest primary alcohol is methane The simplest primary alcohol is methane Ethanol is the only one that is not poisonous, is colourless and strong smelling, it is a liquid, the boiling point is 78.5ْ Ethanol is the only one that is not poisonous, is colourless and strong smelling, it is a liquid, the boiling point is 78.5ْ It is a compound that has hydroxyl –OH group It is a compound that has hydroxyl –OH group Flammable, burning produces carbon dioxide and water Flammable, burning produces carbon dioxide and water Methanol is a good disinfection Methanol is a good disinfection

23. Organic Acids The most common are the carboxylic acids The most common are the carboxylic acids They are usually quite weak acids They are usually quite weak acids They are usually soluble in solvents They are usually soluble in solvents They are used as oil and gas simulation treatments They are used as oil and gas simulation treatments These are less reactive These are less reactive Some are used in buffer solutions Some are used in buffer solutions Acid + base =salt + water Acid + base =salt + water Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate(ester) = water Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate(ester) = water

24. carboxylic acids Characterized by presence of the carboxyl group Characterized by presence of the carboxyl group The formula is -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH The formula is -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH They are Bronsted acids (even though the are weak acids, they react with metals to form salts) They are Bronsted acids (even though the are weak acids, they react with metals to form salts) React with carbonates to form carbon dioxide React with carbonates to form carbon dioxide React with alcohols to form esters and water React with alcohols to form esters and water React with alcohol and a strong acid to form esters and water React with alcohol and a strong acid to form esters and water Carboxylates are salts and anions of these acids Carboxylates are salts and anions of these acids Do not associate with ions easily Do not associate with ions easily Alkaloid acid R-COOH Alkaloid acid R-COOH Simplest is meathanoic acid and also ethanoic Simplest is meathanoic acid and also ethanoic The three related acids are esters, acid chloride, and acid anhydride (R- C=O-O) The three related acids are esters, acid chloride, and acid anhydride (R- C=O-O)

25. Equations Acid + base =salt + water Acid + base =salt + water Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate (ester) = water Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate (ester) = water 3 Fatty acid + glycerol = ethyl ethanoate 3 Fatty acid + glycerol = ethyl ethanoate ----Fats (triglyceraldehyde) ----Fats (triglyceraldehyde) Fats +alkali (NaOH) --- Soap Fats +alkali (NaOH) --- Soap (fats/oils) = glycerids (salt of carboxylic acid) (fats/oils) = glycerids (salt of carboxylic acid)

26. Esters In which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an organic group In which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an organic group The carboxylate esters are most common The carboxylate esters are most common Unstable acids can be manipulated to form stable esters Unstable acids can be manipulated to form stable esters Their name is quite similar to salts Their name is quite similar to salts A condensation reaction of an acid and an alcohol is what forms an ester A condensation reaction of an acid and an alcohol is what forms an ester This is when a small molecule is taken out of the equation after two larger molecules join This is when a small molecule is taken out of the equation after two larger molecules join Ester + water and acid = carboxylic acid + alcohol Ester + water and acid = carboxylic acid + alcohol Ester + water and alkali = salt + alcohol Ester + water and alkali = salt + alcohol Ester + alkali = soap + water Ester + alkali = soap + water Most things we smell we smell because of esters Most things we smell we smell because of esters Esters are used in perfumes and polmers Esters are used in perfumes and polmers They form long chains called polyester and add them to plastic to give them flexibility They form long chains called polyester and add them to plastic to give them flexibility

27. Aldehydes and Ketones An aldehyde is a kind of organic acid and it contains a “terminal carbonyl acid” An aldehyde is a kind of organic acid and it contains a “terminal carbonyl acid” The aldehyde group has a few other names, such as formyl and methanoyl The aldehyde group has a few other names, such as formyl and methanoyl In an aldehyde group, there is a carbon atom bonded to another kind of atom called a hydrogen atom, it is then double-bonded to an oxygen atom In an aldehyde group, there is a carbon atom bonded to another kind of atom called a hydrogen atom, it is then double-bonded to an oxygen atom Aldehydes are more acidic than alkanes Aldehydes are more acidic than alkanes It also creates an electron deficiency because of the oxygen It also creates an electron deficiency because of the oxygen Adding oxygen to aldehydes is easier than adding it to ketones Adding oxygen to aldehydes is easier than adding it to ketones Aldehyde – Ethynol Aldehyde – Ethynol Ketones – Propane Ketones – Propane

28. Aromatic compounds They have a defined ring structure of chains looping They have a defined ring structure of chains looping Most common one is benzene, which is colourless and it is a volatile liquid Most common one is benzene, which is colourless and it is a volatile liquid It is used a lot in the industrial world It is used a lot in the industrial world Carcinogen Carcinogen

29. Polymers A polymer is made up of molecules with a large MW A polymer is made up of molecules with a large MW Monomers are the sub unit of polymers Monomers are the sub unit of polymers They are repeated using covalent bonds They are repeated using covalent bonds There is a glucose called monosaccharide There is a glucose called monosaccharide Monosaccharide + monosaccharide= disaccharide ++++=polysaccharide (polymer) Monosaccharide + monosaccharide= disaccharide ++++=polysaccharide (polymer) Amino acids form a chain called polypeptide Amino acids form a chain called polypeptide

30. Plastic Synthetic polymers Synthetic polymers Bakelite – polymers Bakelite – polymers They are a hard substance They are a hard substance Polymerisation Polymerisation Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) Glucose + glucose = Glucose + glucose = Add on monomer (alkenes – double bonds) Add on monomer (alkenes – double bonds) Addition polymerisation Addition polymerisation Amides/amines – nitrogen Amides/amines – nitrogen Thermo setting/softening Thermo setting/softening Amino acids join in peptide links Amino acids join in peptide links Amines + carboxylic acid = polyamide (nylon – very versatile) Amines + carboxylic acid = polyamide (nylon – very versatile) Kevlar used to make bulletproof vests, very strong Kevlar used to make bulletproof vests, very strong Polyester used in fabrics using carboxylic acids Polyester used in fabrics using carboxylic acids Polyurethane used for foam and lycra for swimsuits Polyurethane used for foam and lycra for swimsuits

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