1. 10/5/2015 CHAPTER 14 ECOSYSTEM ORGANIZATION AND ENERGY FLOW

2. 10/5/2015 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT Ecology – the branch of biology that studies the relationships between organisms and the environment Ecology – the branch of biology that studies the relationships between organisms and the environment The environment is anything that affects an organism during its lifetime The environment is anything that affects an organism during its lifetime Organisms are affected by both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors of the environment Organisms are affected by both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors of the environment

3. 10/5/2015 ORGANIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Ecologists study ecological relationships at different levels of organization: Ecologists study ecological relationships at different levels of organization: Organism – smallest, independent living unit Organism – smallest, independent living unit Ex: one leopard frog Ex: one leopard frog Population - members of the same species living in a particular area Population - members of the same species living in a particular area Ex: leopard frogs in a pond Ex: leopard frogs in a pond Community - populations of different species living in the same area Community - populations of different species living in the same area Ex: pond community (frogs, fish, plants, etc.) Ex: pond community (frogs, fish, plants, etc.)

4. 10/5/2015 ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS An ecosystem - all interacting organisms in an area and how they interact with their abiotic surroundings. An ecosystem - all interacting organisms in an area and how they interact with their abiotic surroundings. Living things can be organized into energy relationships. Living things can be organized into energy relationships. Producers – trap sunlight, carry out photosynthesis Producers – trap sunlight, carry out photosynthesis Consumers – feed on producers Consumers – feed on producers Trophic levels – describe how energy flows through an ecosystem Trophic levels – describe how energy flows through an ecosystem Producers occupy the first trophic level Producers occupy the first trophic level Arranged like a pyramid Arranged like a pyramid

5. 10/5/2015 ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Consumers can be divided into: Consumers can be divided into: primary consumers primary consumers secondary consumers secondary consumers Primary consumers feed directly on plants are known as herbivores (mouse) Primary consumers feed directly on plants are known as herbivores (mouse) Second trophic level Second trophic level Secondary consumers feed on other animals and are called carnivores (snake) Secondary consumers feed on other animals and are called carnivores (snake) Third trophic level Third trophic level Animals that feed on carnivores are fourth trophic level consumers (hawk) Animals that feed on carnivores are fourth trophic level consumers (hawk)

6. 10/5/2015 TROPHIC LEVELS

7. 10/5/2015 ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Omnivores – feed on both plants and animals Omnivores – feed on both plants and animals Can occupy different trophic levels Can occupy different trophic levels Decomposers – feed on dead organisms as their source of energy Decomposers – feed on dead organisms as their source of energy Includes bacteria and fungi Includes bacteria and fungi Convert organic matter into inorganic matter that can be used by producers Convert organic matter into inorganic matter that can be used by producers

8. 10/5/2015 COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS All consumers depend on producers for their energy (directly or indirectly). All consumers depend on producers for their energy (directly or indirectly). One way to study interactions among communities involves analysis of the various food chains. One way to study interactions among communities involves analysis of the various food chains. Show linear feeding patterns Show linear feeding patterns Organisms can be involved in several food chains at the same time forming a food web. Organisms can be involved in several food chains at the same time forming a food web. Show complex feeding patterns Show complex feeding patterns

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10. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Changes in the population size of one species can influence population sizes of other species. Changes in the population size of one species can influence population sizes of other species. Insecticide use may decrease the population size of organisms that feed on insects. Insecticide use may decrease the population size of organisms that feed on insects. Population sizes may change due both biotic and abiotic factors Population sizes may change due both biotic and abiotic factors

11. 10/5/2015 WORLD BIOMES

12. 10/5/2015 TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS Found in areas with moderate rainfall (75-130 cm per year) Found in areas with moderate rainfall (75-130 cm per year) Long summers (130-160 days) Long summers (130-160 days) Colonized by many large deciduous trees Colonized by many large deciduous trees Typical animals include: Typical animals include: leaf eating animals, insects leaf eating animals, insects Birds, skunks, deer Birds, skunks, deer mosquitoes, etc. mosquitoes, etc.

13. 10/5/2015 GRASSLAND Also known as a prairie Also known as a prairie Average rainfall amount is 30-85 cm per year Average rainfall amount is 30-85 cm per year Not adequate to support the growth of trees Not adequate to support the growth of trees Mostly grasses and wildflowers Mostly grasses and wildflowers Good for agricultural crops (corn, wheat) Good for agricultural crops (corn, wheat) Experience long periods of drought Experience long periods of drought Common animals include: Common animals include: Grazing mammals Grazing mammals Small insects Small insects Rodents Rodents Carnivores Carnivores

14. 10/5/2015 SAVANNA Similar to a prairie Similar to a prairie Receive about 100 cm of rainfall per year Receive about 100 cm of rainfall per year Home to many grazing animals Home to many grazing animals Have a dry season and a rainy season Have a dry season and a rainy season During the rainy season, trees produce leaves and the grass grows rapidly During the rainy season, trees produce leaves and the grass grows rapidly In the African savanna, migration is typical. In the African savanna, migration is typical.

15. 10/5/2015 DESERT Very dry areas found all over the world Very dry areas found all over the world Receive less than 25 cm of rainfall per year Receive less than 25 cm of rainfall per year Plants are adapted for conserving water Plants are adapted for conserving water Scattered, thorny plants Scattered, thorny plants Many animals can live here, most are nocturnal Many animals can live here, most are nocturnal

16. 10/5/2015 BOREAL CONIFEROUS FOREST Include the evergreen areas Include the evergreen areas Annual rainfall of 40-100 cm per year Annual rainfall of 40-100 cm per year Growing season is less than 102 days Growing season is less than 102 days Trees must withstand long cold winters Trees must withstand long cold winters Animals include mice, bears, wolves, moose, and flies Animals include mice, bears, wolves, moose, and flies

17. 10/5/2015 TUNDRA Long, severe winters and short summers of less than 100 days Long, severe winters and short summers of less than 100 days Little rainfall (10-25 cm per year) Little rainfall (10-25 cm per year) Deep layers of soil are permanently frozen (permafrost) Deep layers of soil are permanently frozen (permafrost) Supports very few forms of animals and plants. Supports very few forms of animals and plants. No trees can live in this biome. No trees can live in this biome.

18. 10/5/2015 TEMPERATE RAINFOREST Receive about 200 cm of rain per year Receive about 200 cm of rain per year Found in fertile and mild temperatures with lush plant growth. Found in fertile and mild temperatures with lush plant growth. Undisturbed areas have 800-year-old trees nearly 100 meters tall Undisturbed areas have 800-year-old trees nearly 100 meters tall Many are covered with mosses and ferns Many are covered with mosses and ferns Over 90% of the original temperate rainforests have already been logged. Over 90% of the original temperate rainforests have already been logged. Found near coastal areas of Pacific northwest Found near coastal areas of Pacific northwest Northern California, Oregon, Washington, Canada, Alaska Northern California, Oregon, Washington, Canada, Alaska

19. 10/5/2015 TROPICAL RAINFOREST Found primarily in the equatorial regions. Found primarily in the equatorial regions. Considered the richest biome Considered the richest biome Warm temperatures year round, and rain falls almost daily (200-1000 cm a year) Warm temperatures year round, and rain falls almost daily (200-1000 cm a year) Thousands of species of plants in very small areas Thousands of species of plants in very small areas Many species of animals Many species of animals

20. 10/5/2015 SUCCESSION Communities are relatively stable when left undisturbed Communities are relatively stable when left undisturbed Known as climax communities Known as climax communities Succession is the process of changing from one type of community to another Succession is the process of changing from one type of community to another Two types: Two types: Primary succession - occurs in areas where plants and animals didn’t exist before (volcanic areas) Primary succession - occurs in areas where plants and animals didn’t exist before (volcanic areas) Secondary succession – occurs when a community is disturbed by natural or human action, and it returns to a previous stage in the succession (forest fires, clear cutting) Secondary succession – occurs when a community is disturbed by natural or human action, and it returns to a previous stage in the succession (forest fires, clear cutting)

21. 10/5/2015 PRIMARY SUCCESSION

22. 10/5/2015 SECONDARY SUCCESSION

23. 10/5/2015 CHAPTER 14 ECOSYSTEM ORGANIZATION AND ENERGY FLOW

24. 10/5/2015 KINDS OF INTERACTIONS Predation – a predator captures prey, kills it, and eats it. Predation – a predator captures prey, kills it, and eats it. Elimates poorly adapted individuals Elimates poorly adapted individuals Parasitism – the host is harmed and the parasite benefits Parasitism – the host is harmed and the parasite benefits Parasites can live inside or outside the host. Parasites can live inside or outside the host. Mistletoe, tapeworms, fleas Mistletoe, tapeworms, fleas Vectors are organisms that can spread parasites. Vectors are organisms that can spread parasites. Mosquitoes, ticks Mosquitoes, ticks

25. 10/5/2015 KINDS OF INTERACTIONS Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is not affected. Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is not affected. Remoras and sharks Remoras and sharks Tree mosses Tree mosses Mutualism – both organisms benefit from one another Mutualism – both organisms benefit from one another E.coli and humans E.coli and humans Bees and flowering plants Bees and flowering plants Competition – an interaction between organisms in which both organisms are harmed to some extent. Competition – an interaction between organisms in which both organisms are harmed to some extent. Weeds and garden plants Weeds and garden plants Occupying different niches helps reduce competition Occupying different niches helps reduce competition

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43. PRIMARY SUCCESSION

44. 10/5/2015 SECONDARY SUCCESSION

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