1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion Section 2:Section 2:Social Crises, War, and Revolution Section 3:Section 3:Response to Crisis: Absolutism Section 4:Section 4:The World of European Culture Visual Summary

3. Chapter Intro How does architecture reflect history? The palace at Versailles, shown in this photo, was home to the kings of France from 1682 until 1790. In seventeenth- century Europe, Versailles was a symbol of Louis XIV’s absolute rule. In this chapter, you will learn about crises throughout Europe and the rulers who sought stability through absolute rule. What are some famous government buildings that are tourist attractions in the United States? What do they symbolize? Compare the symbolism of the palace at Versailles with the symbolism of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, shown on page 473.

4. Chapter Intro

6. Chapter Intro 1 Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion What might have motivated the religious and political conflicts between Protestants and Catholics?

7. Chapter Intro 2 Social Crisis, War, and Revolution What effect might social, economic, and religious conflicts have on European nations?

8. Chapter Intro 3 Response to Crisis: Absolutism What effect would the exercise of absolute power have on a nation?

9. Chapter Intro 4 The World of European Culture How might art, literature, and philosophy be influenced by the turbulence of the period?

10. Chapter Preview-End

11. Section 1-Main Idea The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries Religious and political conflicts erupted between Protestants and Catholics in many European nations.

12. Section 1-Key Terms Content Vocabulary militant armada Academic Vocabulary conflict policy

13. Section 1-Key Terms People, Places, and Events King Philip II Netherlands William the Silent Elizabeth Tudor Scotland Ireland Huguenots Henry of Navarre Edict of Nantes

14. A.A B.B Section 1-Polling Question Do you think religion is a justifiable cause for war? A.Yes B.No

15. Section 1 Spain’s Conflicts King Philip II championed Catholic causes throughout his lands, while England became the leader of Protestant nations of Europe.

16. Section 1 In the sixteenth century, religious wars broke out in Europe as Calvinists and Catholics became more militant.militant King Philip II of Spain wanted to consolidate the lands of his empire–Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in the Americas and Italy–under Catholicism. Spain’s Conflicts (cont.) Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II, c. 1560

17. Section 1 Philip II attempted to strengthen his control in the Netherlands by crushing Calvinism, but was resisted by a rebellion led by William the Silent. In 1558, Elizabeth Tudor came to power in England. The Church of England began to follow a moderate form of Protestantism and England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe. Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)

18. Section 1 Philip II tried to invade England to restore Catholicism to the island nation. In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated by the faster English ships. Upon its return to Spain, the fleet was battered by storms en route around Scotland and Ireland.armada Spain’s Conflicts (cont.) Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588

19. Section 1 By the end of Philip’s reign in 1598, Spain was not the great power that it appeared to be, and England began to create a world empire. Spain’s Conflicts (cont.) Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588

20. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to England? A.To capture William the Silent B.To expand his lands C.To defend the French D.To restore Catholicism to England

21. Section 1 The French Wars of Religion Conflict between Catholics and Protestants was at the heart of the French Wars of Religion.

22. Section 1 During the 1500s, France encountered a series of civil wars, known as the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598). Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. About half the nobility were Huguenots, a political threat to the Crown. The ultra-Catholics opposed the Huguenots and recruited large armies to fight them. The French Wars of Religion (cont.)

23. Section 1 In 1589 a Huguenot political leader named Henry of Navarre succeeded to the throne as Henry IV, bringing the French Wars of Religion to an end. Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued the Edict of Nantes, recognizing Catholicism as the state religion and giving Huguenots religious and political rights. The French Wars of Religion (cont.) France

24. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Why did Henry of Navarre convert to Catholicism? A.To be accepted by the majority of the population B.To follow the model of other French kings C.To become allies with the Spanish D.To appease the ultra-Catholics

25. Section 1-End

26. Section 2-Main Idea The BIG Idea Order and Security Social, economic, and religious conflicts challenged the established political order throughout Europe.

27. Section 2-Key Terms Content Vocabulary inflation witchcraft divine right of kings commonwealth Academic Vocabulary restoration convert

28. Section 2-Key Terms People and Places Holy Roman Empire Bohemia James I Puritans Charles I Cavaliers Roundheads Oliver Cromwell James II

29. A.A B.B Section 2-Polling Question Is a civil war more destructive to a nation than a war between two countries? A.Yes B.No

30. Section 2 Crises in Europe Population decline in Europe and the hysteria of witchcraft trials contributed to economic and social problems in seventeenth-century Europe.

31. Section 2 During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europe witnessed severe economic and social problems. Economic problems were caused by the loss of Jewish and Muslim artisans and merchants, economic problems in Italy, and currency policies in Spain. One major economic problem was inflation, or rising prices.inflation Crises in Europe (cont.)

32. Section 2 Europe’s population growth during the sixteenth century increased the demand for food and land, while driving up prices. Europe’s population had leveled off by 1620. War, famine, and plague led to declining population numbers. Religious zeal and hunts for heretics were extended to witchcraft.witchcraft Crises in Europe (cont.)

33. Section 2 Fear of witchcraft led to the accusations and trials of over 100,000 people, mostly single or widowed women. Crises in Europe (cont.)

34. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 What caused witchcraft trials during the seventeenth century? A.Unexplainable events that occurred in nature and to people B.The teachings of the Catholic Church C.The influx of other cultures D.Attempts to cleanse society of undesirables

35. Section 2 The Thirty Years’ War Started over religious conflicts, the Thirty Years’ War was sustained by political conflicts.

36. Section 2 The Thirty Years’ War was fought primarily in the Holy Roman Empire. It began between Catholics, led by the Hapsburg dynasty, and Protestant forces in Bohemia. All of the major powers in Europe (except England) were involved in the war. The Thirty Years’ War (cont.) Europe After the Peace of Westphalia, 1648

37. Section 2 In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the war and divided the Holy Roman Empire into independent states that could determine their own religion and foreign policy. This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity. The Thirty Years’ War (cont.)

38. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 What was a cause of the Thirty Years War? A.Protestants wanted a Protestant king. B.The Peace of Augsburg did not recognize Calvinism. C.Calvinist nobles invaded Bohemia. D.Spain and France tried to unite Europe.

39. Section 2 Revolutions in England Civil war raged over what roles the king and Parliament should have in governing England.

40. Section 2 James I, the king of Scotland, came to power with the death of Queen Elizabeth. The Stuart line of rulers began in 1603. James I believed in the divine right of kings. This contradicted the beliefs of most Englishmen, who accepted that the king and Parliament ruled England together.divine right of kings Revolutions in England (cont.)

41. Section 2 When Charles I came to the throne, many Puritans were upset that he attempted to put more rituals into the Church of England. This led thousands of Puritans to leave for America. In 1642 England was faced with a civil war between the king’s soldiers, known as Cavaliers, and the Roundheads under Oliver Cromwell. Revolutions in England (cont.)

42. Section 2 Cromwell’s forces were victorious, and Charles II was executed. In 1649 England was declared a commonwealth. commonwealth After Cromwell’s death in 1658, England restored the Stuart line of rulers with Charles II. Charles II ruled until his death in 1685, when James II ascended the throne. Revolutions in England (cont.)

43. Section 2 James II was a devout Catholic. Parliament objected to his policies of appointing Catholics because its members were afraid a Catholic dynasty might be possible. In 1688 English nobles invited William and Mary of Orange, who were Protestants, to invade England. William and Mary were offered the throne and accepted the English Bill of Rights. Revolutions in England (cont.)

44. Section 2 Bill of Rights: –Parliament could make laws and levy taxes. –Armies could not be raised without the consent of Parliament. –Citizens could keep arms and have a jury trial. Revolutions in England (cont.)

45. Section 2 The Bill of Rights ensured that Parliament would be part of the English government and laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. Revolutions in England (cont.) Parliament also enacted the Tolerance Act of 1689, which granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship.

46. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 How did Parliament secure the Bill of Rights for England? A.It defeated the Cavaliers. B.It offered the crown to William and Mary of Orange. C.The English people voted for it. D.James II was restored to the throne.

47. Section 2-End

48. Section 3-Main Idea The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries France became the greatest power of the seventeenth century. Prussia, Austria, and Russia also emerged as great European powers.

49. Section 3-Key Terms Content Vocabulary absolutism boyars czar Academic Vocabulary stability authority

50. Section 3-Key Terms People and Places Louis XIV Cardinal Richelieu Prussia Austria Frederick William the Great Elector Ivan IV Michael Romanov Peter the Great St. Petersburg

51. A.A B.B Section 3-Polling Question Do you think that in times of crisis, an absolute ruler is necessary to restore order? A.Yes B.No

52. Section 3 France under Louis XIV Louis XIV was an absolute monarch whose rule was admired and imitated throughout Europe.

53. Section 3 Louis XIV is regarded as the best example of absolutism in the seventeenth century.absolutism Louis XIV strengthened control of the government and stabilized France politically, economically, and socially. Prior to Louis XIV becoming king, Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin weakened Protestant power and strengthened royal power. France under Louis XIV (cont.)

54. Section 3 Louis ruled without the assistance of a royal council, and had complete control of foreign policy, the Church, and taxes. Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped to make France more powerful economically by improving trade, communications, transportation, and by creating a merchant marine. France under Louis XIV (cont.)

55. Section 3 To ensure that his Bourbon dynasty dominated Europe, Louis developed a standing army and waged four wars between 1667 and 1713. Louis left the legacy of an absolute ruler who strengthened France. Louis’s political policies and lavish lifestyle left France with great debts and surrounded by enemies. France under Louis XIV (cont.)

56. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 How did Louis XIV maintain religious harmony in France? A.He pursued an anti-Protestant policy to convert Huguenots to Catholicism. B.He made Protestantism the official state religion. C.He was tolerant of Catholics and Protestants. D.He destroyed Catholic churches and schools.

57. Section 3 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe Prussia and Austria emerged as great European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

58. Section 3 Following the Thirty Years’ War, there were more than three hundred independent German states. Prussia and Austria rose to become European powers. Frederick William the Great Elector laid the foundation for Prussia by creating the fourth-largest military force in Europe. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.) Expansion of Prussia and Austria to 1720

59. Section 3 Frederick William centralized power by setting up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and govern the state. The new Austrian Empire was established by the Hapsburg family, who had previously provided emperors for the Holy Roman Empire. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)

60. Section 3 The Hapsburgs created a new empire, including present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. The Austrian monarchy never became a centralized, absolutist state, but remained a collection of territories held together by the Hapsburg emperor. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)

61. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Why was the Austrian monarchy unable to create a centralized government? A.It was too weak after the Thirty Years’ War. B.It had to focus on the Ottoman Turks. C.The nobles had too much power. D.The empire was made up of many different national groups.

62. Section 3 Peter The Great Russia emerged as a great power under Peter the Great.

63. Section 3 In sixteenth-century Russia, Ivan IV became the first ruler to take the title of czar.czar Ivan expanded Russian territory and crushed the power of the boyars. He became known as “Ivan the Terrible.”boyars Following the end of Ivan’s dynasty in 1598, the national assembly selected Michael Romanov as the new czar in 1613. Peter The Great (cont.) Expansion of Russia, 1505–1725

64. Section 3 In 1689 Peter the Great became czar. He modernized the military and made Russia a power in European affairs. Peter introduced Russians to the culture of Western Europe, and built the new capital city of St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea to “open a window to the West.” Peter The Great (cont.)

65. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Why did Peter the Great demand that Russian men shave their beards? A.He wanted to follow his Orthodox faith. B.He wanted people to know he controlled their lives. C.He did not have a beard, and wanted his subjects to imitate him. D.Men in Western Europe did not have beards.

66. Section 3-End

67. Section 4-Main Idea The BIG Idea Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Art and literature reflected people’s spiritual perceptions and the human condition.

68. Section 4-Key Terms Content Vocabulary Mannerism natural rights baroque Academic Vocabulary drama creative

69. Section 4-Key Terms People and Places El Greco Madrid Prague Vienna Brussels Gian Lorenzo Bernini William Shakespeare Miguel de Cervantes Lope de Vega Thomas Hobbes John Locke

70. A.A B.B Section 4-Polling Question The music you listen to is a reflection of the mood of our society. A.Agree B.Disagree

71. Section 4 Art after the Renaissance The artistic movements of Mannerism and the baroque began in Italy and reflected the spiritual perceptions of the time.

72. Section 4 Mannerism was an art form that emerged in Italy before spreading throughout Europe.Mannerism Mannerism broke away from the Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation and represented people as elongated, to show suffering and heightened emotion. The characteristics of Mannerism are reflected in the work of El Greco, whose figures are elongated and contorted. Art after the Renaissance (cont.)

73. Section 4 A new movement known as baroque replaced Mannerism. It was embraced by Catholic architecture, especially in the Hapsburg courts of Madrid, Prague, Vienna, and Brussels.baroque Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and reflected a search for power. Art after the Renaissance (cont.)

74. Section 4 The baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini captured these ideas with his work on Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Art after the Renaissance (cont.)

75. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 What subject was emphasized in Caravaggio’s paintings? A.Angels B.Old Testament heroines C.Everyday settings D.Human form in action

76. Section 4 Golden Age of Literature Shakespeare and Lope de Vega were prolific writers of dramas and comedies that reflected the human condition.

77. Section 4 William Shakespeare was a famous playwright and actor whose understanding of human psychology enabled him to write comedies and tragedies that are still studied today. In Spain, Miguel de Cervantes wrote one of the greatest literary works of all time, Don Quixote. Golden Age of Literature (cont.)

78. Section 4 The story of Don Quixote elicits the idea that hard work and visionary dreams are requisite of the human condition. As in England, Spanish plays became very popular, and touring companies of actors brought current productions to all parts of the empire. Lope de Vega is the most famous Spanish playwright, writing nearly 1,500 plays that are considered witty, charming, realistic, and action-packed. Golden Age of Literature (cont.)

79. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 Who ran the professional theatres of England and Spain? A.Actor’s companies B.The king and queen C.The Church D.University guilds

80. Section 4 Political Thought Hobbes and Locke wrote very different books about political thought in response to the English revolutions.

81. Section 4 Seventeenth-century political thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke wrote about political power and influenced future philosophies of government. Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan to deal with the problem of disorder. Hobbes asserted that people made a social contract to form a state in exchange for protection and peace. Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society, and rebellions must be suppressed. Political Thought (cont.)

82. Section 4 John Locke believed that man in his natural state enjoyed freedom and had certain natural rights. natural rights In Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Locke argued against the absolute rule of one person. He stated that the government and the people have mutual obligations to protect each other, and if the government usurps its power, then man has the right to abolish the government. Political Thought (cont.)

83. Section 4 Locke’s ideas were used by American and French revolutionaries in the eighteenth century, and his influence can be found in the American Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. Political Thought (cont.)

84. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 According to Hobbes, why was absolute power necessary? A.Monarchs were better educated. B.People needed to look up to one ruler. C.It preserved order in society. D. It prevented inefficient government.

85. Section 4-End

86. VS 1 RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS in Europe Religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics were widespread. French kings persecuted Protestants. Philip II of Spain was a great supporter of militant Catholicism. The Thirty Years’ War was triggered by religious and political conflicts.

87. VS 2 POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CRISES in Europe Civil war arose in England from power struggles between King Charles I and Parliament. English Protestant forces triumphed in the civil war and tried and executed King Charles I. Population growth, famine, and plague contributed to social tensions throughout Europe. The conflicts in seventeenth-century Europe were reflected in art, literature, and political works.

88. VS 3 ABSOLUTISM as a Response to Crises Frederick William of Prussia used the General War Commissariat to maintain his power. The Austrian monarchy tried but failed to achieve a centralized, absolutist state. The absolute rule of Louis XIV of France influenced monarchs throughout Europe. Russia emerged as a great power under the absolute rule of Peter the Great.

89. VS-End

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104. Vocab1 militant combative

105. Vocab2 armada a fleet of warships

106. Vocab3 conflict opposition; a fight, battle, or war

107. Vocab4 policy an overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable procedures of a governmental body

108. Vocab5 inflation a rapid increase in prices

109. Vocab6 witchcraft magic

110. Vocab7 divine right of kings the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

111. Vocab8 commonwealth a republic

112. Vocab9 restoration a bringing back to a former position or condition

113. Vocab10 convert to change over from one belief to another

114. Vocab11 absolutism a political system in which a ruler holds total power

115. Vocab12 boyar a Russian noble

116. Vocab13 czar Russian for “caesar,” the title used by Russian emperors

117. Vocab14 stability the state of being stable; strong enough to endure

118. Vocab15 authority power; person in command

119. Vocab16 Mannerism an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

120. Vocab17 natural rights rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property

121. Vocab18 baroque an artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

122. Vocab19 drama a composition that tells a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue and typically designed for the theater

123. Vocab20 creative imaginative

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