1. Cymraeg Dydd Mawrth 25 Tachwedd

2. Y treiglad llaes-aspirate mutation There are three mutation systems in Welsh. We have already seen the soft mutation, and the nasal mutation. the aspirate mutation effects three sounds: C, T, P

3. Y treiglad llaes These sounds change as follows: C becomes Ch T becomes Th P becomes Ph

4. Y treiglad llaes In the modern language this mutation is only casued by a few words: The most important is ei (her): Ei chath (hi)= her cat Ei phentref (hi)=her village Ei thaid (hi)= her grandfather. (Note that the identical word ei=his is followed by the soft mutation) Ei gath (e); ei bentref (e), ei daid (e).

5. Y treiglad llaes Other words that cause treiglad llaes: Tri (=three) A (=and) Â (=with) Tua (=towards, about) Chwe (=six) Ni (=negative particle, used in formal Welsh).

6. Rhaid: saying you have to do something Mae rhaid i fi= I have to, I must (variants: rhaid i fi, rhaid i mi) Oes rhaid i chi= do you have to, must you Does dim rhaid i fi= I don’t have to Bydd rhaid i fi= I’ll have to

7. Rhaid: saying you have to do something This construction takes the preposition i (=to) plus a pronoun or noun. Mae rhaid i’r plant fwyta brecwast (=the children have to eat breakfast). Note the following: I fi, i ti, iddo fe, iddi hi, i ni, i chi, iddyn nhw)

8. Rhaid: saying you have to do something Mae rhaid iddi hi godi am 6 bob bore. Note: the verb in the sentence is always soft-mutated. (codi- godi). Oes rhaid iddo fe gerdded? Oes/Nac oes. Does dim rhaid i ni fynd eto. Bydd rhaid iddyn nhw godi’n gynnar. See page 81 for more examples.

9. Rhaid: saying you have to do something Note the following: Mae rhaid i ti beidio ag aros (you must not wait). (from the verb peidio). In place of mae rhaid i fi, it is also possible to use the verb gorfod. Dw i’n gorfod mynd- I have to go.

10. Making requests: esgusodwch fi- excuse me! This requires adding –wch to the stem of the verb (for the chi form). Gweithio (to work) gweithiwch-work! See page 75 Finding the stem: usually it is enough to drop the final vowel of the verb. (eg gweithio-gweithi; canu- can; troi- tro) Gweithiwch; canwch; trowch.

11. Making requests For the irregular verbs, the following should be noted: Mynd (to go): ewch! Gwneud (to do): gwnewch! Dod (to come): dewch! Bod (to be): byddwch!

12. Making requests To negate a command, you use the verb peidiwch (to stop, cease), plus â (ag before a verb), followed by the main verb. Eg: peidiwch â smygu- don’t smoke Peidiwch â cherdded lawr y stryd ‘na. Note: although â is followed by treiglad llaes, speakers frequently omit this mutation, and even omit the â.

13. Being polite… Another way of conveying requests is to use the auxiliary verb (g)wneud with the main verb: Wnewch chi agor y ffenest, os gwelwch yn dda?(instead of agorwch y ffenest)

14. ymarfer Astudiwch dudalen 73. Ar ôl hynny, trowch i dudalen 75 ac wedyn 76. Ymarfer 4, tudalen 77.