1. Liberalism In International Relations Theory Doc. D-r Snezana Bilic - Sotiroska 1

2. Outline Major figures Major figures The first IR paradigm The first IR paradigm It takes all sorts to make the liberalism It takes all sorts to make the liberalism Key concepts Key concepts A success story? A success story? 2

3. 3 INTRODUCTION Opposition to Realism. Opposition to Realism. Normative character of Liberalism. Normative character of Liberalism. Optimistic view of International Relations? Optimistic view of International Relations? State power is not the only variable in International Relations. State power is not the only variable in International Relations. Peace, Law, Justice, non-state actors, have also a fundamental role in International Relations. Peace, Law, Justice, non-state actors, have also a fundamental role in International Relations. Despite the common points concerning a stable international order not based upon state relations of power, there are different opinions inside Liberalism. Despite the common points concerning a stable international order not based upon state relations of power, there are different opinions inside Liberalism.

4. 4 DIFFERENCES INSIDE LIBERALIM Different approaches within the same perspective of liberlaism Different approaches within the same perspective of liberlaism Why wars occur: Imperialism, Balance of Power or Undemocratic regimes? Why wars occur: Imperialism, Balance of Power or Undemocratic regimes? Peace or Order: What’s the objective of world politics? Peace or Order: What’s the objective of world politics? How to reach that objective: collective security, commerce or world government? How to reach that objective: collective security, commerce or world government? Relation between liberal states and non-liberal states: conquest, conversion or toleration? Relation between liberal states and non-liberal states: conquest, conversion or toleration?

5. 5 VARIETIES OF LIBERALISM Early manifestations of liberalist thought in the sixteenth century. Early manifestations of liberalist thought in the sixteenth century. Rejection of the idea that conflict is the natural relation between states. Rejection of the idea that conflict is the natural relation between states. First liberals: Erasmus (war is not profitable - 1517); Penn (Diet of Europe – 1693); Kant (Perpetual Peace - 1795) First liberals: Erasmus (war is not profitable - 1517); Penn (Diet of Europe – 1693); Kant (Perpetual Peace - 1795) Liberal thought in international relations can be separated into three major patterns: Liberal thought in international relations can be separated into three major patterns: Liberal Internationalism,Liberal Internationalism, Idealism,Idealism, Liberal Institutionalism.Liberal Institutionalism.

6. 6 LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM Liberal internationalism presumed that states would be submited to a system of legal rights and duties, but without the need of any world government. Liberal internationalism presumed that states would be submited to a system of legal rights and duties, but without the need of any world government. There is a natural order underpinning human society, a natural harmony of interests in international relations. There is a natural order underpinning human society, a natural harmony of interests in international relations.

7. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) “Leviathan” created to avoid war of all against all Individual sovereignty surrendered to preserve individual rights The best solution – monarchy! 7

8. John Locke (1632-1704) All men are born free and equal in rights to life, liberty, estate. In civil society everyone surrenders its sovereignty to community ruled by separate executive and legislative powers. If the ruler breaks the social contract – down with him! 8

9. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Utilitarianism Utilitarianism “between the interests of nations there is nowhere a real conflict” “between the interests of nations there is nowhere a real conflict” “establish a common tribunal and the necessity for war no longer follows from the difference of opinion” American Confederation, Swiss League, German Diet 9

10. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Contemporary IR – “Lawless state of savagery” Contemporary IR – “Lawless state of savagery” Transformation of individual consciousness Transformation of individual consciousness Republican constitutionalism Republican constitutionalism A federal contract between states to abolish war – a permanent peace treaty rather than a superstate actor or world government A federal contract between states to abolish war – a permanent peace treaty rather than a superstate actor or world government 10

11. Richard Cobden (1804-65) The Apostle of Free Trade The Apostle of Free Trade Improve education, decrease military spending, lower taxes Improve education, decrease military spending, lower taxes National hero for Corn Law, 1846 National hero for Corn Law, 1846 Traitor for campaign against the Crimean War Traitor for campaign against the Crimean War Anglo-French Commercial Treaty, 1860 Anglo-French Commercial Treaty, 1860 11

12. Herbert Spenser, (1820-1903) Social Darwinism Social Darwinism The Organic Analogy, but The Organic Analogy, but Differences between Society and Body Differences between Society and Body Social Evolution Social Evolution Military society – compulsory cooperation of members Military society – compulsory cooperation of members Industrial society – voluntary Industrial society – voluntary Ethical state – common resources to perfect human character Ethical state – common resources to perfect human character 12

13. The Birth of a Discipline justice to all peoples and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safely with one another, whether they be strong or weak. The Birth of a Discipline with Wilson … The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by... The first Chair of International Relations, in University of Wales, Aberystwyth 13

14. Woodrow Wilson The only President with a Ph.D. The only President with a Ph.D. President of Princeton University, 1902-10 President of Princeton University, 1902-10 The 14 points – address to Congress, January 1918 The 14 points – address to Congress, January 1918 The first sitting President to visit Europe The first sitting President to visit Europe Women and blacks are excluded Women and blacks are excluded 14

15. 14 points 1. Open covenants openly arrived at 2. Freedom of the seas in peace and war 3. Remove all economic barriers to trade 4. Reduction of national armaments 5. A readjustment of all colonial claims 6. Leave Russia alone 7. Evacuate and restore Belgium 8. Restore France, return Alsace-Lorraine 15

16. 14 points 9. Readjust Italian frontiers along national lines 10. Self-determination for peoples of Austria-Hungary 11. Redraw boundaries of Balkan states along historically established lines of nationality 12. Self-determination for peoples under Turkish rule 16

17. 14 points 13. Independence for Poland with free access to the sea guaranteed by international covenant 14. Form a general association of nations under specific covenants to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 17

18. Three Images Individual Individual State State System System 18

19. The Three Images Images Who, when Causes of war How to make peace Human nature R. Cobden mid-19 th c. Govts intervene at home and abroad, disturb natural order Indiv. liberty, free trade, prosperity, interdependence The state W. Wilson early 20 th c. Undemocratic nature of intntl. politics, esp. foreign policy and balance of power National self- determination, open govts respond to public opinion, collective security Structure of system J. Hobson early 20 th c. Balance of power system World govt. with powers to mediate and enforce decisions 19

20. Liberalism in Economics Economics Domestic politics Domestic politics International relations: International relations: – Liberal internationalism – Idealism – Liberal institutionalism 20

21. Liberal Internationalism A law-governed international society can emerge without a world govt. A law-governed international society can emerge without a world govt. The progress of freedom depends on maintenance of peace, spread of commerce and diffusion of education The progress of freedom depends on maintenance of peace, spread of commerce and diffusion of education Human society can be based on natural order Human society can be based on natural order 21

22. Liberal Internationalism Natural harmony in relations by ‘the invisible hand’ of laissez faire economic principles Natural harmony in relations by ‘the invisible hand’ of laissez faire economic principles By pursuing self-interest actors inadvertently promote public good By pursuing self-interest actors inadvertently promote public good Capitalism is natural and inherently pacific Capitalism is natural and inherently pacific Economic interdependence fosters peace Economic interdependence fosters peace 22

23. Idealism Peace is not natural but must be constructed Peace is not natural but must be constructed Domestic analogy – international governance must use the same procedures Domestic analogy – international governance must use the same procedures Collective security rather than alliance system (collective defence) Collective security rather than alliance system (collective defence) Teaching what ought to be and not just what is – Wilson Chair Teaching what ought to be and not just what is – Wilson Chair 23

24. Liberal Institutionalism Transnational cooperation needed to resolve common problems Transnational cooperation needed to resolve common problems Cooperation in one sector would extend range of collaboration Cooperation in one sector would extend range of collaboration Growing integration increases the ‘cost’ of withdrawal from cooperative ventures Growing integration increases the ‘cost’ of withdrawal from cooperative ventures Pluralism of actors Pluralism of actors 24

25. Key Concepts of Liberalism Collective security Collective security Democratic peace and democracy promotion Democratic peace and democracy promotion Integration and interdependence Integration and interdependence Rule of law, human rights Rule of law, human rights Normative element in theory Normative element in theory Pluralism of actors Pluralism of actors World government World government 25

26. Liberal Successes The League of Nations The League of Nations The ILO, the Health Organization, the Mandates CommissionThe ILO, the Health Organization, the Mandates Commission Political disputes resolvedPolitical disputes resolved Finland-Sweden, Germany-Poland, Greece- Bulgaria, Turkey-Iraq, Bolivia-Paraguay, Peru-Colombia Finland-Sweden, Germany-Poland, Greece- Bulgaria, Turkey-Iraq, Bolivia-Paraguay, Peru-Colombia Apprenticeship for the UN Apprenticeship for the UN The English School of IR The English School of IR 26

27. The First Great Debate Reinhold Niebuhr. Moral Man and Immoral Society, 1932 Reinhold Niebuhr. Moral Man and Immoral Society, 1932 Edward Carr. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1939 Edward Carr. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1939 Frederick Schuman Frederick Schuman Georg Schwarzenberger Georg Schwarzenberger 27