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The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas
Chapter 3 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas
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Conquest in the Americas
1 Conquest in the Americas Western Civilizations Encounter Conquest Death
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Hernan Periz de Oliva Once explained voyages served…”to unite the world and give to those strange lands the form of our own.” Contextualization: Old vs New Explain what de Oliva is saying.
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Spain Establishes an Empire
Columbus Arrives in the West Indies Claims land for Sprain Tainos: Conflict (ignorance) Cortes Lands on the coast of Mexico (Aztecs, Moctezuma) Heads for Tenochtitlan—capital of the Aztec Empire Forms alliances with people he conquers Pizzaro Arrived in Peru Conquers the Incas Establishes the city of Lima pics/maya/videos#gold- pizarros-mayan-conquest pics/maya/videos#mayan- encounter SPANISH INFLUENCE IN THE AMERICAS: All conquered great wealth Colonized areas Made money based on slave labor
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Mayan Civilizations cs/maya/videos#gold- pizarros-mayan-conquest opics/maya/videos#apo calypse-island
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Section 1 Check Point Questions
How did Spanish conquistadors treat the Tainos? Supporting evidence: What impact did the Aztecs’ religious beliefs have on Cortes’s approach to Tenochtitlan? What factors encouraged Spanish success in Peru? In what ways did Native Americans resist Europeans?
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Bernal Diaz…recounting impact of disease
The streets, the squares, the houses, and the courts of Talteluco were covered with dead bodies: we could not step without treading on them and the stench was intolerable. Accordingly, they (the Indians) were ordered to remove to neighboring towns, and for three days and three nights all the causeways were full, from on end to the other, of men, women, and children so weak and sickly, squalid and dirty, and pestilential that it was a misery to behold them.
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Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas
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Spanish Influence in America
2 Governing the Empire Viceroys—Ruled in the King’s name Lesser officials or advisory councils Catholic Church Converted native Americans to Christianity Built missions Imposed European culture Built Universities to educate priests Built convents to educate women
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Governing the Empire King of Spain Philip II American Colonies Viceroy
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Spanish Influence in America
Trade Silver and gold shipped from the Americas to Spain Passed laws that prohibited colonists from trading with other European nations Labor Encomienda: Native Americans forced into slave labor Worked on plantations and in mines African slaves were brought to the Americas
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The Struggle for North America
Encomienda—the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular place Spanish monarchs used this to force Native Americans to work under the most brutal conditions. This system was empowered to the conquistadors.
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Bartolome de Las Casas Las Casas detailed the horrors that Spanish rule had brought to Native Americans and pleaded the King to end abuse. 1542, Spain passes new laws forbidding enslavement and abuse to Native Americans. How might these new laws be difficult to enforce? Labor shortage: Las Casas recommended Spanish to import workers from Africa. Believed Africans were immune to tropical diseases and had skills in farming, mining, and metal working.
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A Layered Society Spanish Colonial societies social classes: Hierarchy
Peninsulares: Born in Spain…filled the highest positions in colonial government and Catholic Church Creoles: American born descendants of Spanish…owned plantations, ranches, and mines. Mestizos: Native American/European descent. Mulattoes: African/European descent. Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattoes
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Challenging Portugal and Spain
Privateers: pirates that operated with the approval of European governments. Dutch, English, French pirates preyed on treasure ships from the Americas.
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Struggle for North America
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3 Building New France Jacques Cartier: claimed much of eastern Canada for France. Why so slow New France? Harsh Canadian climate, with its long winters, attracted few French peasants. Distracted by Wars on the home front Little success in converting Native Americans to Christianity. Why Fur? Climate made farming difficult, and European demand for fur ensured good prices.
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13 English Colonies Pilgrims: English Protestants that rejected the Church of England. Wanted religious freedom.
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Struggle for Power Spain, France, England, Netherlands competed for the colonies and around the world. France vs England French and Indian War 7 Years War Britain and France fought in North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia Treaty of Paris: settled the global conflict. Britain gets North America east of Mississippi France gets Caribbean
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Check Point Questions 3.3 Why did French settlers abandon farming in favor of fur trapping and trading? For what reasons were the 13 English colonies established? Why was the French and Indian War fought?
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
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Triangular Trade 4
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangular Trade Intensifies Merchant ships bring goods to Africa Slaves are transported to the Americas and traded for goods Colonial goods are traded for other goods and shipped to Europe Merchants become wealthy Slave labor helps colonial economies grow
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Impact of Slave Trade Brought wealth to merchants and traders, provided the labor that helped colonial economies grow. Affect on Africans African States and societies were torn apart Communities/Tribes Families Life cut short or suffered through a brutal living/working conditions 20% Died during transport through middle passage from Africa to America.
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Section 4 Check Point ?’s How did triangular trade affect colonial economies? How did enslaved Africans resist captivity? How did the slave trade affect Africans?
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Effects of Global Contact
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5 Columbian Exchange Global exchange that profoundly effected the world. Named after Christopher Columbus
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The Columbian Exchange
Causes Age of Exploration begins Europeans bring plants and animals to America Europeans bring new foods back to Europe Columbian Exchange A transfer of food crops from one continent to another A vast global change that would profoundly impact the world Named for Columbus Effects Columbus and other Europeans journey to new lands Native Americans diets improve Corn and potatoes become Europe’s two main foods New crops lead to population growth around the world
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Capitalism Emerges Expanded trade, increased money supply, and a push from over seas empires spurred Capitalism. Economic system which most businesses are owned privately. Entrepreneurs: people who take on financial risk to make profits. Legacy: Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class devoted to the goal of making profits.
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Mercantilism Arises Economic policy encouraging a nation to export more goods than it imports. Mercantilists believed that a nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure. Colonies role was to provide resources and raw materials not available in Europe. They would enrich the parent country by serving as a market for its manufactured goods. European countries passed strict laws regulating trade.
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Causes --Expansion of trade --Increased money supply
Global Economic Systems Causes --Expansion of trade --Increased money supply --Push for overseas --Growing demands for goods --Fierce competition for trade and empires --Putting out system (p. 132) New Economic Systems --Mercantilism --Capitalism --Local European economies changed to International trading systems --Merchants and skilled workers prospered Effects
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Section 5 Checkpoint ?’s Why did the global population explode?
How did the “putting-out” system work? How did the economic changes affect different Europeans?
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