1. Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Domestic and international Eilev Gjerald Climate and Energy Section Norwegian Pollution and Control Authority

2. 2Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Institutional arrangements Statistics Norway (SSB) and the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) is responsible for estimating the Norwegian emissions to air from shipping Statistics Norway calculate the emission from shipping based on emissions factors and activity data SFT is, together with Statistics Norway, responsible for assessing the methodology used and the emissions factors, and is responsible for updating the methodology and the emission factor when it is necessary

3. 3Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Reporting of emissions from shipping Source categories included in the national inventory and in the reports to UNFCCC and UNECE are Domestic shipping Fishing Military shipping International shipping (international bunkers) Leisure boats

4. 4Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Emissions from shipping Emissions = Consumption of fuel (AD) multiplied with emission factor (EF) AD is from the Petroleum sale statistics. The statistic is annual and is based on reports from the oil companies to Statistics Norway CO 2 emissions factors is country specific while N 2 O and CH 4 factors are from IPCC (1995)/OECD

5. 5Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Activity data in the calculation Activity data is from the annual Petroleum sale statistic The sale of marine gas oil, heavy distillates and heavy fuel oil to the sector Domestic shipping is used as activity data in the calculation of GHG emissions The amount of natural gas used for shipping is obtained directly from the companies. The gas is today used in some ferries and supply ships in the off shore sector Bunkers in the military sector is also collected from the Petroleum sale statistic

6. 6Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping International shipping The activity data of marine gas oil, heavy distillates and heavy fuel oil for international shipping is collected from the Petroleum sale statistic The same emission factors as in the Norwegian national calculations are used

7. 7Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Emissions to air from national fishing By definition, all fuel supplied to commercial fishing activities in the reporting country is considered domestic, and there is no international bunker fuel category for commercial fishing, regardless of where the fishing occurs Fuel sold as bunkers oil to the fishing fleet is from the Petroleum sale statistics and the amount of fuel sold is used as activity data in the calculations

8. 8Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Uncertainties National emission figures are regarded generally more certain than the figures for the different vessel categories The uncertainty in the activity data is assessed to be ±10 per cent. For CO 2 the uncertainty in the emission factors for ships and fishing vessels is ±3 per while the uncertainty for CH 4 and N 2 O emissions factors is much higher (Rypdal and Zhang 2000).

9. 9Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Challenges There is room for improving the sale statistic and there is and have been focus on doing this work The definition of domestic shipping includes emissions from all national ship transport included ferries, irrespective of flags, between ports in the same country. It is a challenge to follow up this definition Consumption of bunkers oil in ship not bunkered in Norway is today not included in the Norwegian GHG inventory There might be some problems to achieve a correct split of sale of bunkers in the sale statistics between domestic and international shipping. It is a challenge to have accurate distribution of bunkers between vessel categories. However, to have a accurate distribution is most important for the calculation of NO x

10. 10Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping Emissions from domestic shipping The method we use to calculate emissions from domestic shipping is a combination of top-down and bottom-up estimations Total consumption = Total sale of petroleum products = Top-down AD is from the Petroleum sale statistics CO 2 emissions factors is country specific while N 2 O and CH 4 factors are from IPCC (1995)/OECD Bottom-up Periodical surveys combine with data from Petroleum sale statistics