1. 6.5.11 Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin, and a and B in the pancreatic islets Pancreas: exocrine and endocrine gland Location: – below stomach

2. Inside Pancreas: – Exocrine cells: produce digestive enzymes which are released into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct – Endocrine cells: clustered into the islets of Langerhans, produce hormones, help regulate blood glucose levels The islets of Langerhans Exocrine pancreatic cells

3. Glucose: – Absorbed from digested food – Used in cellular respiration – Can be converted to glycogen and stored Glucagon: – Protein hormone – Is secreted into the blood – Will travel to all parts of body, but liver is targeted – Hepatocytes respond to glucagon in the liver by converting glycogen to glucose and releasing it to the blood

4. When blood glucose levels are too low glucagon is secreted by the a cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas When blood glucose levels are too high the B cells in the lislets of the Langerhans, in the pancreas, will secrete insulin Insulin: a protein hormone that is secreted into the blood Makes muscle cells absrob more glucose Muscle cells and hepatocytes convert glucose into glycogen

6. 6.5.12 Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes Diabetes: a metabolic disorder where the person does not produce enough insulin or the body does not react properly to insulin – Often results in hyperglycemia (overabundance of glucose in blood) which causes damage to nerves and retina in eye Type 1 – Not enough insulin produced by beta (B) cells – Causes Body producing antibodies against insulin and/or B cells in the islets of Langerhans – Treatment Regularly injecting insulin Pancreas or B cell transplantation

7. Type 2 - Insufficient amounts of insulin produced AND cells have become less sensitive to insulin – Causes- unknown, but these factors contribute: Obesity, increasing age, family history – Treatment Reduced carbohydrate intake and increase exercise Weight loss Medication – To increase production of insulin – To lower blood glucose levels NEITHER CAN BE CURED, BUT CAN BE TREATED! Nicole, Tri, Emily, Siobhan