1. SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

2. SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY PROCEDURE 1. IDENTIFY & MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL UNITS
2. INTEGRATE WELL & SEISMIC
3. ANLYZE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS
4. RELATE LITHOLOGY TO SEISMIC
5. PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING & LITHOLOGY
6. DETERMINE AN AGE MODEL
7. EVALUATE PREDICTIONS

3. SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUE 1. SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
2. SEISMIC-WELL TIE
3. SEISMIC FACES ANALUSIS
4. SEISMIC CALIBRATION
5. GEOLOGIC INTERPRETION
6. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
7. SEISMIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC MODELING

4. USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
ANALYSIS
BURIAL HISTORY
MODELING
TRAP DEVELOPMENT AND TIMING
TEMPERATURE HISTORY
RESERVOIR PROPERTIES
HYDROCARBON GENERATION
PREDICTION
SOURCE
MIGRATION
RESERVOIR
SEAL
TRAP

11. FAULT RECOGNITION ABRUPT TERMINATION OF REFLECTION
OFFSET OF A REFLECTION
DIFRACTION
CHANGE IN RELECTION PATTERN
CHANGE IN DIP
CHANGE IN FREQUENCY
DISTORTION OF DATA BELOW FAULT
- VELOCITY ANOMALY
- SHADOW ZONE
REFLECTION FROM FAULT PLANE

12. NORMAL FAULTS HORST AND GRABEN TILTED BLOCKS HIGH ANGLE SAMPLE FAULTS
UNCONFORMITY ON PRE-FAULT SEDIMENTS
STRUCTURES ANGULAR IN CROSS SECTION
FAULTS DIP TOWARD UPLIFT
DRAPE COMMON
DRAG ON DOWNSIDE OF FAULTS
FAULTS RELAY, ZIG-ZAG IN MAP VEIW
DIFRACTIONS ON DOWNSIDE OF FAULTS
OFTEN HIDDEN BY OVERLYING STRUCTURE
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 1/10

13. UPTHRUST FAULTS FAULT FORMS ZONE OF INTENSE DEFORMATION
BLOCKY AWAY FROM FAULT
FAULT IS HIGH ANGLE - MAY SPLIT OUT
ONE PERIOD OF MOTION
STRUCTURES PARALLEL FAULTS
STRUCTURES ANGULAR IN CROSS SECTION
GRAVITY AND MAGNATIC EXPRESSION PROBABLE

14. EN ECHELON FOLDS AND FAULTS
STRUCTURES AT ANGLE TO THRUOGH-GOING FAULTS
STRUCTURES ASYMMETRICAL
ANTICLINES PREDOMINATE
FAULT-STRUCTURE RELATION CHANGES LINE TO LINE
FAULTS VERY HIGH ANGLE
FAULTS SPLY UPWARD INTO SHALLOWER BEDS
THROUGH-GOING FAULT GENERALLY NOT SEEN
EXTENSIONAL FAULTS MAY DEVELOP ON CRESTS
GRAVITY AND MAGNETICS MAY SHOW

15. FLOWER STRUCTURES PARALLEL THROUGH-GOING FAULT DIE OUT DOWNWARD
COMPOSED OF COMPLEX PATTEN OF ABERRANT WEDGES
FAULTS NEARLY VERTICAL BUT SPLAY OUT UPWARD
STRUCTURE -FAULT RELATION CHANGES LINE TO LINE
STRUCTURING DIES OUT ABRUPTLLY
ANTICLINES PREDOMINATE
DIFRACTIONS COMMON
GRAVITY AND MAGNATICS MAY SHOW

16. FOLD AND THRUST BELT ROLES
COMPRESSIONAL AND DETACHED
DOMINANT VERGENCE DIRECTION
OUTWARD DEVELOPMENT OF THRUST SHEEETS
THRUSTS OUT UPSECTION IN DIRECTION OF TRANSPORT
THRUST BRING OLDER ROCKS OVER YOUNGER ROCKS
EXISTENCE OF PREFERRED DETACHMENTS IN SECTION
EXISTENCE OF A REGOINAL TECTONIC LEVEL

17. COMPATIBILITY WITH GRAVITY DATA
A GEOLOGICAL MODEL THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE OBSERVED GRAVITY DATA IS POSSIBLY CORRECT. A GEOLOGICAL MODEL WHOSE GRAVITY EXPONSE DISAGREES WITH THE OBSERVED GRAVITY DATA IS DEFINITELY WRONG.

18. PASSIVE MODE ACTIVE MODE
SALT DOES NOT ACTIVELY DEFORM SEDIMENT. MOST FEATURES ARE ATTRIBUTED TO SALT WITHDRAWAL.
ACTIVE MODE
SALT ACTIVELY PUSHES SEDIMENT COVER OUT OF THE WAY AS I TRIES TO RISE TO THE SAE FLOOR.

19. VERTICAL MOTION FORCE RESULTANT
DEFFERENTIAL LOADING OR DENSITY DIFFRENCES
RESULTANT
SALT DOMES
SALT DIAPIRS
SHALE DOMES

20. SALT STRUCTURES 1. CLASSIFICATION INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND TRAPS
1. CLASSIFICATION
2. VARIATIONS DUE TO GROWTH HISTORY
3. DETACHED NORMAL FAULTS
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
1. REFLECTION QUALITY
2. INTERNAL SEISMIC CHARACTER OF SALT
3. WHAT TO USE WITHOUT SALT REFLECTION
4. DOME WITH SHADOW DOME
5. INTERPRETATION PROBLEMS

21. SALT FEATURE IMPLACEMENT PROCESS ACTIVE PASSIVE PIERCEMENT
NON PIERCEMENT
HORIZANTAL
ACTIVE PILLOW OR ANTICLINE
PASSIVE (RESIDUAL) PILLOW OR ANTICLINE
ACTIVE (1-SIDED?) DOME OR WALL
SILL INTRUSIVE
PASSIVE DOME OR WALL
GLICIER (EXTRUSIVE)

22. SUMMARY OF HYDROCARBONE TRAPS RELATED TO SALT
PILLOW
A TRAP IS A DOUBLY-PLUNGING ANTICLINE
STRTIGRAPHIC COMPLICATIONS ONLAP, LOSS OF SECTION ON TO CREST VARATION BETWEEN FAULT BLOCKS
STRUCTURAL COMPLICATIONS COMPLEX TRAP SEGMENTATION BY FAULTS FAULT SEAL

23. EPSODIC VS CYCLIC DEPOSOTION
SCALE OF DEPOSITION
CONTROLS
EPISODIC
STORMS
FLOODS
TIDES
LAMINA
LAMINASET
BED
BEDSET
PARASEQUENCE
PARASEQUENCESET
SEQUENCE
INCREASING
CYCLIC
SHIFTING SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS
LONG-TERM TECTONICS
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 32/60

24. BED VS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES
BEDS
DEPOSITIONAL SEQUECES
FORMATION
BOUNDING SURFACES
MORPHOLOGY
A SINGLE EPISODE OF DEPOSITION
A SINGLE CYCLE OF DEPOSITION
BEDDING PLANES
UNCONFORMITIES
LIMITED EXTENT
SMALL THICKNESS
TERMINATES WHERE
BEDDING SURFACES INTERSECT
WIDESPREAD
THICK ENOUGH TO RESOLVE SEISMICALLY
TERMINATES AGAINST UNCON-FORMITIES OR THEIR CORRELATIVE
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 33/60

25. SEISMIC REFLECTION
GENERATED AT PHYSICAL SURFACES ACROSS WHICH THERE IS A CHANGE IN IMPEDENCE
POLARITY IS DETERMINED BY SIGN OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT
AMPLITUDE IS A FUNCTION OF:
- MAGNITUDE OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT
- SHARPNESS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT
- RESOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 34/60

26. REFLECTION AND TIME-STRATIGRAPHY
GENERATING FEATURE
UNCONFORMITIES
STRATAL SURFACES
YES
SEPARATES OLDER STRATA BELOW FROM YOUNGER STRATA ABOVE
TIME-STRATIGRAPHY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 35/60

27. SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STARATAL SURFACES
SEISMIC REFLECTIONS PARALLEL STARATAL SURFACES
RESOLUTION IS COMMONLY AT SCALE OF PARASQUENCES
REFLECTION TERMINATION INDICATES THE ASSOCIATED STRATAL UNIT HAS:
- ENDED ABRUPTLY (TRUNCATION) OR
- THINNED BELOW RESOLUTION (LABOUT)
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 36/60

28. MARKING THE SEISMIC SECTION
LOCATE UNCONFORMITIES
AT THE BASE OF ONLAPS AND DOWNLAPS
HALF CYCLE ABOVE TRUNCATION AND TOPLAP
MARK
ONSETS (ZERO-CROSSINGS) FRO MINIMUM PHASE
PEAKS?TROUGHS FOR ZERO PHASE
REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS CAN VARY ALONG AN UNCONFORMITY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 37/60

29. SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FACIES CHANGES
SEISMIC REFLECTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW
FACIES BOUNDARIES
HOWEVERE
REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS ARE AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN THE FACIES
- REFLECTION AMPLITUDE
- REFLECTION CONTINUITY
- REFLECTION POLARITY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 38/60

30. LIMITATIONS RESOLUTION VERTICAL LATERAL
IMPROPER POSITIONING REFLECTIONS
DIP ANALOG SECTION
OUT-OF-PLANE REFLECTION
NONPRIMARY REFLECTIONS
NONCOHERENT NOISE
COHERENT NOISE
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 39/60

31. LITHOLOGY PREDICTION SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS SEISMIC DATA
CHRONO-STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
DEPOSITIONAL FRAMEWORK
SEISMIC DATA
SEISMIC SEQUENCES
SEISMIC REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT
SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS
GEOLOGIC INTRPRETATION
LITHOLOGY PREDICTION
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 40/60

32. SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS APPROACH SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS
REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
CORE ANALYSIS
REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS
LOG ANALYSIS
CALIBRATION
INTERPRETATION
FACIES MODEL
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT
PRIDICTION
SEDIMENT SUPPLY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 41/60

33. INTEGRATED FACIES ANALYSIS
WELL AND SEISMIC DATA
OBSERVE
CALIBRATE
INTERBRATE
PREDICT
VARIATIONS IN CORES, ON LOGS AND ON SEISMIC
LOG RESPONSE TO CORE LITHOFACIES
SEISMIC PESPONSE TO CORES AND LOGS
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
SUBENVIRONMENTS SETTING
LATERAL AND VERTICAL
LITHOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 42/60

34. SEISMIC FACIES PARAMETERS
REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS
INTERVAL VELOCITY
TERMINATION PATTERN
INTERNAL CONFIGRATION
EXTERNAL FORM
AMPLITUDE
CONTINUITY
FREQUENCY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 43/60

35. REFLECTION GEOMETRIES INTERNAL CONFIGURATIONS
STRATIFIED
UNSTRATIFIED
SIMPLE
PROGADATIONAL
COMPLEX
CHAOTIC
REFLECTION FREE
SEGMIOD
OBLIQUE
COMBINATION
SHINGLED
MOUNDED
HUMMOCHY
DEFORMED
BARALLEL
SUBPARALLEL
DIVERGENT
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 44/60

36. REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
EXTERNAL FORM
UNIFORM THICKNESS
VARYING THICKNESS
SHEET-EVEN
SHEET-DRAPE
SHEET-SMOOTHING
FILL
MOND
COMBINATION
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 45/60

37. EROSION TOPLAP CONCODANT ONLAP DOWNLAP CONCORDANT
GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS
ABC TECHNIQUE
EROSION TOPLAP CONCODANT
ONLAP DOWNLAP CONCORDANT
PARALLEL
SUBPARALLEL
DIVERGENT
SIGMOID
OBLIQUE
SHINGLED
MOUNDED
HUMMOCKY
DEFORMED
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 46/60

38. DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES DIAGNOSTIC GEOMETRIES
DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY
HIGH
LOW
DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES
SEDIMENTARY FACIES
DIAGNOSTIC GEOMETRIES
EXPLORATION
ACTIVE
SORTED
COARSEST AVAILABLE GRAIN SIZE
TOPLAB/OBLIQUE
MOUNDS
QUIET WATER
POOR SORTING
FINE PRESENT
SHEET/DRAPE
SIGMOID PROG.
SLOPE FRONT FILL
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 47/60

39. REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY
AMPLITUDE
LOW
HIGH
VARIABLE
LITHOLOGY
CONDITIONS
MASSIVE
INTERFINGERED
DISCONTINUOUS
UNIFORM
ALTERNATING
VARYING
CONTINUITY
DEPOSITION
WIDESPREAD
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 48/60

40. LITHOLOGY PREDICTION I) ESTABLISH CHORONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
II) DEVELOP DEPOSOTIONAL FRAMEWORK
SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
TIE WELL AND SEISMIC
ANALYZE REFLECTION GEOMETRIES
INTERPRET DEPOSITIONAL SETTING
CALIBRATE SEISMIC FACIES
EXTRAPOLATE AWAY FROM WELL(S)
USE FACIES MODELS
USE CONCEPT OF DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 49/60

41. VISUAL SEISMIC SIGNATURES OF HYDROCARBON INDICATORS
AMPLITUDE ANOMALY
FREQUENCY ANOMALY
TIME SAG
ABRUPT TERMINATIONS
PHASE CHANGE
FLUID CONTACT REFLECTION
SHADOW ZONE
CHINMEY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 50/60

42. FALSE HDI’S AND PITFALLS
LOW IMPEDANCE ROCKS
FLAT REFLECTIONS NOT RELATED TO FLUID CONTACTS
INCORRECT SECTION POLARITY
LOW GAS STATURATION RESERVOIRS
PROSITY PRESERVATION BY PRESENCE OF HYDROCARBONS
- STRATIGRAPHY
- MULTIPLES
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 51/60

43. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 2-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
MANUAL (SERIAL OVERLAY) WITHOUT TIME SLICES, FEW CROSS LINES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
MISS STRUCTURES THAT STRIKE SUB-PARALLEL TO LINES
INACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES
MAPPING IS ADDITIONAL STEP
CUMBERSOME
CHEAP
NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
FAST IN STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE AREAS
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 52/60

44. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
MANUAL BUT WITH TIME SLICES (GS) SEISCROP
DISADVANTAGES
EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO MAKE FILM
DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES (PROJECTED)
NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF POOR REFLECTION CONTINUITY
CUMBERSOME
AMPLITUDE CONTROLS POSITION OF TIME SLICE PICKS
TECHNIQUES
ADVANTAGES
EASY TO RECOGNIZE STRUCTURES IN MOST ORIENTATIONS
ACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES
FAST WITH GOOD REFLECTION QONTINUITY
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 53/60

45. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
DISADVANTAGES
TECHNIQUES
ADVANTAGES
VERY SLOW
MANY TIES
TRUE 3-D GRID
VERY DETAILED MAPS
MOST ACCURATE PICTURES OF FAULT PATTERNS
HIGHEST CONFIDENCE INTERPRETATION
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 54/60

46. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONVERSION OF SEISMIC DATA TO ACCEPTABLE FORMAT CAN BE TIME-CONSUMMING
EXCESSIVE DETAIL AVAILABLE
INTERACTIVE SEISMIC INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
ALOWS USE OF ANY TECHNIQUE
MOST ACCURATE TIES OF TIME SLICES TO LINES AND LINES TO CROSS-LINES
LESS PAPER TO SHUFFLE
AMPLITUDE/COLOR SCALING
RAPID, ACCURATE DIGITIZING
CONTOUR MAPS OF HORIZONS DIGITIZED ON LINES AND/OR SLICES
IMAGE MANIPULATIONS ZOOM, STRETCH, SQUEEZE, REVERSE POLARITY
RELIEVES INTRPRETATER
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 55/60

47. USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK
ANALYSIS
MODELING
PREDICTION
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
BURIAL HISTORY
TRAP DEVELOPMENT AND TIMING
TEMPERATURE HISTORY
HYDROCARBON GENERATION
RESERVOIR PROPERTIES
SOURCE
MIGRATION
RESERVOIR
SEAL
TRAP
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 56/60

48. PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE COMPLETE INTERPERATION
SEISMIC-WELL TIES
PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE COMPLETE INTERPERATION
SEISMIC DATA
TWO WAY TIME
SEISMIC VELOCITY
SEISMIC IMPEDENCE
SEISMIC SEQUENCES
SEISMIC FACIES
STRUCTURE
WELL DATA
LINEAR DEPTH
VELOCITY
DENSITY
GEOLOGIC AGE
LITHOLOGY
FAULT ORIENTATION
KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 57/60

55. KFUPM/ES/Geophysics/Seismic Interpretation/Al-Ghamdi # 13/20