2. Settlement A settlement is a place where people live Most people live in permanent settlements Some people are unfortunate to live in temporary settlements

3. Permanent or Temporary Settlement?

4. Types of settlement SiteCharacteristics DefensiveDifficult to attack e.g. hill-top or island Hill-footSheltered, with flat land for building and farming GapLower, more sheltered land between two hills Wet pointClose to water in a dry area Dry pointOn higher, dry area close to wet land e.g. marshes or flooding rivers Route centreFocus of routes (e.g. roads) from surrounding area Bridging pointWhere bridges can be built over a river

5. Which type of settlement? Bridging Point Defensive Hill-foot Gap site Route Centre Wet Point Dry Point

6. Which type of settlement? Settlement 1 is a Gap site because it is a lower and more sheltered site between two hills. Settlement 2 is a wet-point because it is close to water in a dry area. Settlement 3 is a dry-point because it is a higher, drier site above wetland. Settlement 4 is a Route Centre because it is a focus of routes (roads and river) in this area. Settlement 5 is a Hill-foot site because it is is sheltered and flat for building and farming.

7. Importance of Individual Sites The importance of individual sites changed over time. Which features do you think were more important in early times and which do you think were more important more recently?

8. Importance of Individual Sites Years Ago FeatureReason Good defenceHard to attack, e.g. Hill top, island Close to waterFor water and fish supplies Close to woodlandFor fuel, building materials and food On useful farmlandTo provide food Flat landMakes building easier Good communicationsBy road and river

9. Importance of Individual Sites Now FeatureReason Close to resourcesAs materials for industry e.g. coal Close to portsTo transport materials or goods Faster communication As industry grew and developed e.g. canals, railways and more recently, motorways and airports. Pleasant environment For a) larger number of retired people and b) hi-tech industries which wish to be in attractive areas

10. Warkworth River means enemies can only attack from 1 side Defence Food and water supplies Building houses Trade Communications Castle defends the south side River and roads can be used for trade River stops housing being built to east and west N Trees are good for hunting animals Flat land is great for farming, as shown by the pattern of fields River and roads can be used for communication Sea can be used for trade Sea can be used for fishing for food Flat land good for building housing Wet land not ideal for building houses

11. Settlement shapes The spacing of places is very different all across the country In the countryside houses can be scattered randomly with space between each house - this is called dispersed Some settlements have grown along a road – this is called linear Towns or villages may be compact, with shops, offices, and houses all very close together – this is called nucleated

12. Settlement Shapes There are 3 basic shapes of rural settlements Dispersed settlements have buildings scattered about with undeveloped land in-between Linear settlements have buildings which are stretched out along a road, in a line Nucleated settlements have a defined centre like a market square or crossroads DispersedLinearNucleated

13. Settlement sizes An isolated settlement consisting of one house A settlement of only a few houses and without a church A settlement with a few services, such as a church, public house and a small shop A larger settlement with several shops, churches, a senior school, supermarkets, a doctor, dentist, banks and a small hospital A very large settlement with a large railway station, shopping complex, cathedral, large hospital, museum, university and office blocks Hamlet Village FarmCity Town Farm Hamlet Village Town City

14. What type of settlement is this? Hamlet CityVillage Farm Town

15. Middlesbrough and Hartlepool Map Pick 4 settlements (a town, village, hamlet and farm) on the map and fill out the table below for each one: Settlement NameWhitby Settlement TypesTown Grid Reference8911 DescriptionNucleated settlement at the mouth of the River Esk AdvantagesSome areas are on top of the hill, so it is good defensively. It is also next to a water supply and is a route centre for the north-south road and the road from the west. DisadvantagesIt cannot grow to the east because of the sea. Some areas may flood. Special features and functions Abbey, hospital, bus and railway stations, 5 churches