1. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Impact of an increasing Penetration of urban Photovoltaic systems and electric cars on the low voltage networks

2. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Photovoltaic: in Cottbus 210 MWp theoretically installable in urban areas  Electric cars: objective: 1 million electric cars in Germany until 2020 Question: Is the integration of such a mass photovoltaic and elektric cars in the existing networks permissible ??? Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Background

3. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Carrying capacity of cable and transformer: Cable: NAYY 4x150 (120,185) mm 2 widely used Transformer: 630 kVA (20/0,4kV)  Tolerable Voltage level: Voltage band of ±10% U n ΔU <3% U n due to decentralized power infeed Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Capacity of networks

4. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Modeling

5. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Modeling Figure: Load profile and feed-in PV-profile

6. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Simulation  worst case: simulation with the highest solar radiation in the year  inductive reactive power to reduce the voltage rise and increase the capacity of the network

7. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Results Figure: Voltage rise along the cable with different shift factors

8. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Results network permissible PV-capacity [kWp per household] cosφ = 1.0cosφ = 0.95cosφ = 0.90 network 12.02.83.6 network 22.85.45.7 network 34.54.23.9 type of settlement possible installable PV-capacity per household / average detached house settlement(5-15) kWp / 8.7 kWp apartment settlement(0.6-5) kWp / 2.1 kWp

9. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Integration of electric cars  uncontrolled charging: significant increase of load profile  controlled charging: high requirement on the control system on the network side

10. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Integration of electric cars  approach: combination of the solar energy and the load of electric cars using a battery

11. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Shaoqing Ying– China – RIF Session 4 – 0806 Thank you very much