Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11.2 The Politics of War Objectives: A. What divided Americans about how to fight the war?

THEME: The North effectively brought to bear its long term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.

Diplomacy Fails Trent Affair, late 1861 –US Navy boards British steamer and captures 2 Confederate diplomats Alabama raids: 1862-1864 –British built ship, armed in Portuguese Azores (=British are technically not arming South) –Captured 60 US vessels, sinks 64 –Similar British built Confederate ships sink 250 Union ships –Britain pays $15.5 million in damages after war 1863: the Laird “rams”= Brinkmanship with UK –Would have broken Union blockade and probably resulted in Union invasion of Canada

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h57000/h57256.jpg

The South’s Strategy Fails: Britain stays Neutral BUT, IT ALMOST DID WORK!! 1.Southern diplomats are captured by US Navy on board the British ship Trent almost leads to war between the US & GB (especially in Canada). 2.Britain does build warships for the South. One, the Alabama sinks 64 Union ships.

The South’s Strategy Fails: Britain stays Neutral Britain did not rush to the South’s aid. Why? 1.Britain and new sources for cotton 2.Britain is relying on Northern grain imports 3.British people did not want to support slave-society (Uncle Tom’s Cabin impact)

The Blockade Union extends blockade (Anaconda Plan) Begins to have success by targeting cotton ports Risks war with Britain by seizing British merchants, uses “ultimate destination” as legal cover to avoid war Blockade Runners earn profits of up to 700% 3/9/1862: Monitor v. Merrimack  end of wooden- hulled warfare, beginning of the “Ironclads”

Virginia rams Cumberland

Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)

http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/cwar-pix/monitor.jpg Monitor after the battle with the Virginia

Fording the Rappahannock River When federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of Congress) Fording the Rappahannock River Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Contraband slave group A group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing, Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress) Contraband slave group Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Emancipation Proclamation MYTH: Lincoln “freed” the slaves FACTS: look at the actual dates and words of the proclamation. Where did the Proclamation apply? TRUTH: Lincoln saved the Union, so that the Union, eventually, might free the slaves.

Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 CAUSES: Lincoln does NOT believe govt. can abolish slavery HOWEVER, Union army can seize “contraband”= to hurt South’s war effort Antietam’s “victory” gives Lincoln the “opportunity” to issue preliminary proclamation on Sept. 23, 1862. Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion, NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!!

“... on the first day of January... all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.“ President Abraham Lincoln, preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862

Emancipation Proclamation EFFECTS: Settles the “contraband” question. Many slaves escape North to join Union Ends the possibility of a negotiated settlement Unpopular in Sections of North, Copperheads gain support QUESTION: Did the Emancipation Proclamation “ennoble” the cause of the North?

ARGUMENTS OVER THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION FORAGAINST ACTION/DECISION TAKENEFFECTS/REACTION TO THE ACTION/DECISION

DISSENT Lincoln suspends rights and freedoms: –Sends federal troops to occupy MD, and arrests hundreds of MD’ers, including most of the politicians –(DC could not survive if MD went over to South) –Suspended habeas corpus = holding people in jail w/o trial, up to 13,000 were so held –Copperheads was name given to Northern Democrats who wanted peace with South, many arrested –seized control of telegraph offices NOTE: Jefferson Davis also suspended liberties in South.

ARGUMENTS OVER LINCOLN’S HANDLING OF DISSENT FORAGAINST ACTION/DECISION TAKENEFFECTS/REACTION TO THE ACTION/DECISION

CONSCRIPTION (=DRAFT) NORTH: Started in 1863 Ages 20-45 for 3 years Substitutes allowed Commutations for $300 Bounties paid to volunteers 92% of army volunteered SOUTH: Started in 1862 Ages 18-35 Exemptions for slaveholders with 20 slaves or more Substitutes allowed 80% of elegible men served

DRAFT RIOTS: New York City draft riots in July 1863. 11 African Americans lynched. Over 100 killed.

ARGUMENTS OVER CONSCRIPTION FORAGAINST ACTION/DECISION TAKENEFFECTS/REACTION TO THE ACTION/DECISION

http://www.timelines.info/history/conflict_and_war/18th_&_19th_century_conflicts/american_civil_war/

11.3 Life During Wartime A.How did African-Americans participate in the war? B.How did women participate in the war? C.How were the economies of the North and the South changed by the Civil War?

Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Freedom to the Slave, 1863 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Blacks Enlist 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of forces) Face discrimination and opposition from N’thern Whites Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick Douglass (Glory) Many executed by South as prisoners, as at Fort Pillow South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the war, with little impact/effect

Black Troops from Company E Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society) Black Troops from Company E Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slaves Resistance Slaves still on plantations “fought” too. How? –“slowdowns” and sabotage slow production –Runaways/contraband hurts labor force –Increasing incidents of violence –Southern men/military forced to stay at plantations to watch for rebellion = fewer soldiers fighting against North

Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862 This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress) Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

How did the Civil War change the lives of African Americans? Ins the SouthIn the North

How did the Civil War change the economy? In the SouthIn the North

ECONOMICS IN THE SOUTH: Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt. Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade Transportation collapses Cotton Capitalism collapses SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!

ECONOMICS IN THE NORTH: Boom in manufacturing Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick reaper, sewing machine Introduction of “sizing” for clothing Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix) Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1 st time

How did the Civil War change the economy? In the SouthIn the North

How did the Civil War change the lives of women? In the SouthIn the North

Wounded at Fredericksburg In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress) Wounded at Fredericksburg Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Women’s Contributions More soldiers die of infections and disease than from wounds received on battle. Prisons, in particular, are deadly (most famously Andersonville, in the South) Women establish the United States Sanitary Commission Clara Barton, “the angel of the battlefield,” pioneers on the battlefield nursing. She later helps founds the American Red Cross. Belle Boyd, famous as a nurse and spy for the South. Women in both the North and the South step in to men’s roles in the economy as men are drawn off to war.

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives) Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

How did the Civil War change the lives of women? In the SouthIn the North

11.3 Life During Wartime A.How did African-Americans participate in the war? B.How did women participate in the war? C.How were the economies of the North and the South changed by the Civil War?

11.4 The North Takes Charge Objectives: A. What were the key battles of 1863 & 1864? B. How did the North finally win the war?

Map: The War in the East, 1863 The War in the East, 1863 Victorious at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee again invaded Union territory but was decisively stopped at Gettysburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863). Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg: Prelude Burnside replaces McClellan as Union commander after Antietam, is destroyed at Fredericksburg, loosing 10,000. Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at Chancellorsville, replaced by Gen. Meade (for Union). South looses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his own men.

Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863). Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

War dead, Fredericksburg Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress) War dead, Fredericksburg Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863 Total casualties: 30% –Union losses, killed and wounded = 23,000 –Confederate losses, killed and wounded = 28,000 Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails Marks furthest northern advance of Confederacy Ends discussion in Europe about helping South Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865

Chancellorsville, Day #1

Chancellorsville, Day 2

Gettysburg: Day 1, July 1st Southern troops, many barefoot, hear that there is a supply of shoes at Gettysburg. Union Gen. Buford recognizes that Gettysburg has excellent roads and hills to use to fight Lee. Buford’s small force of dismounted cavalry holds on long enough for reinforcements to arrive. Stage is set: 90,000 Union troops will face 75,000 Southern troops the next day.

Gettysburg, Day #1 July 1, 1863 Union Calvary, John Buford Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill Buford saw how good the land was. –All roads converge Confederates had man advantage, Union positional advantage Lee saw the importance of the high ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1 st day General Meade

Map: The Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York) First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg: Day 2, July 2nd Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture Cemetery Ridge. Heavy fighting occurs in the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield (now natl. landmarks). Rebel troops try to capture Little Round Top to position artillery on it. Colonel Chamberlain and men of Maine hold hill and repulse attack with bayonet charge. Day is saved for Union. Lines hold.

Gettysburg, Day #2 July 2, 1863 Reinforcements –Union (90,000) –Confederate (75,000) Union held the high ground –“Fish hook” Longstreet is ordered to attack Cemetery Ridge –Misgivings 4:00 pm attack across Wheat field and Peach orchard –Union send reinforcements to the center Little Round Top –Confederate move to flank the Union –20 th Maine

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress) Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg: Day 3, July 3rd Lee tries to break center of Union line at a point called “the angle.” Lee concentrates artillery fire on Union lines on the ridge. Gen. Pickett’s men charge Union lines, covering a mile of open ground and running up ridge. Union artillery and infantry fire destroy Pickett’s division. Every officer killed or wounded. Lee withdraws. Meade does not counter-attack. Another lost opportunity?

Gettysburg, Day #3 July 3, 1863 Lee was optimistic going into day 3 –Weakened the Union position Artillery assault on middle of the line –Cemetery Ridge –2 hours Lee ordered assault on the middle of the line –Pickett’s Charge –Open field Union guns had remained silent –Poor decision? Confederates prepared for a counterattack –Meade never ordered

Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress) Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg Address November 1863 Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity. Lincoln speaks for two minutes Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks for two hours. Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

Vicksburg Confederates controlled of Mississippi Grant sends his Calvary to distract Confederates –Destroy communication and railroad lines Lands south of Vicksburg –April 30, 1863 18 days of fighting –Traveled east and then back to the west Captured Jackson, Miss. Two Frontal assaults on Vicksburg –Both failed May 19 th and 22 nd –Siege Bombing –Several hours a day Hardships faced by citizens Confederates surrender on July 4, 1863 Day after Gettysburg

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-war-docs/images/ironclad-gunboat.gif First ironclad gunboat built in America. The Saint Louis, ca. 1862 ARC Identifier 533123 / Local Identifier 165-C-630 Item from Record Group 165: Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, 1860 - 1952

Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Vicksburg – War in the West Strategic town on Mississippi, high bluffs and big bend in river Grant’s initial assaults fail – uses siege Shells the city, soldiers and civilians each day Citizens move into caves and eat horses, rats Grant’s siege of Vicksburg succeeds on July 4, one day after Gettysburg Confederacy is cut in half Union controls Mississippi & and border states

The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives) The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Grant’s “Total War” Strategy March 1864, Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men “blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000 killed) and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes) Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!! Called a “butcher.” From May 4 to June 18 he loses 65,000 to Lee’s 35,000. Lee cannot sustain his losses, Grant can.

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress) Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Telegram from Abraham Lincoln to Lt. Gen. Ulysses Grant at City Point, Virginia, 08/17/1864 ARC Identifier 301640 Item from Record Group 107: Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, 1791 - 1947

Sherman’s March to the Sea Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander in Mississippi. Sherman begins “total war” on South Targets homes, railways, crops, towns Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta Sept. 1864 After destroying GA, went into SC GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front. Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight. WAS IT A SUCCESS? It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.

Sherman's March to the Sea Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman) Sherman's March to the Sea Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Election of 1864 Democrats split into 3 groups – War Democrats, Peace Democrats and Copperheads. Radical Republicans run on separate ticket. Republicans and War Democrats form the Union Party. McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket Lincoln wins 55% of vote: - “bayonet votes” - recent victories in war help - opponents factionalism split the vote Lee surrenders at Appomatox Courthouse, April 9, 1865 (Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865).

http://www.nps.gov/archiv e/liho/1864/1864e.htm

http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000c7.htm

11.5 The Legacy of the War Objectives: A. What were the economic, political, military and social consequences of the war? B. Why is the Civil War considered a “turning point”?

Second Inaugural Address (Prelude to Reconstruction) Read Lincoln’s second inaugural address: Answer the following: What is the tone of the address? Who is Lincoln addressing? What strikes you most about the address? How does it compare to political speeches you have heard before? In light if this document, why do some say that Lincoln’s death was a tragedy for the South?

Lincoln's SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS (ABRIDGED) If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

Lee with his son after the surrender After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress) Lee with his son after the surrender Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender First president to be assassinated in US history 7 million Americans, 1/3 of North’s population, viewed funeral train

Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre Year: 1865Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.

WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS Northern Economy outperforms the South’s –North is more industrialized –North has more workers –North has more transportation Northern states stay united; Lincoln is able to control dissent North has more population –People to work –Men to fight

WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France to oppose their governments joining the South and breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan. Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton) Trent and Alabama crises: these violations of neutrality threaten war with Britain/Canada. Diplomacy succeeds and Britain pays damages. Confederacy has same problems as Articles of Confederation – weak central government Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment

ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE NORTH: Economy booms and grows Institutes income tax for 1 st time Construction of national railroad system Creation of national banks Instituted the “greenback” currency 179% inflation rate in 1865 IN THE SOUTH: Economic collapse Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12% Income is 2/5 of Northern average 9,000% inflation rate at end of war!!!

SOCIAL and POLITICAL COSTS and CHANGE Nullification and Secession now defunct, BUT states’ rights STILL VERY MUCH ALIVE. Emancipation and Thirteenth Amendment end slavery Power of the federal government greatly expanded Republican democracy proven viable to world Over 600,000 dead Over 1,000,000 wounded Over 3,000,000 men in uniform for 4 years (=10% of total population) $15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs) War debt and caring for wounded veterans consumes the federal budget for the next several decades

MILITARY CHANGES Invention of rifle and minié ball  deadlier wars Cavalry becomes obsolete End of massed infantry charges (Pickett’s charge) Beginning of trench warfare End of wooden ships – age of ironclads begins

FINAL ANALYSIS Slavery ended 600,000 dead 1,000,000 wounded $15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs) Nullification and Secession now defunct Republican democracy proven viable to world

MEANS TO AN END? During the war Lincoln violated the Constitutional limits on his powers: 1.Initiated blockade w/o advice/consent of Congress 2.Increased size of army w/o advice/consent of Congress 3.Appropriated funds w/o advice/consent of Congress 4.Suspended habeas corpus 5.“supervised” voting in border states (intimidation) 6.Violated freedom of the press 7.Uses total war against South? Will it jeopardize the peace? Also, the DRAFT: Was it necessary? Just?

Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Leaves of Grass. 1900. 193. O Captain! My Captain! 1 O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done; The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won; The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring: But O heart! heart! heart! 5 O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

2 O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills; 10 For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding; For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head; It is some dream that on the deck, 15 You’ve fallen cold and dead.

Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Leaves of Grass. 1900. 3 My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still; My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; 20 Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

THINGS TO STUDY: IDENTIFICATIONS DATES: EMANCIPATION, Ft. SUMTER, MAJOR BATTLES, LEE’S SURRENDER, LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION QUESTIONS AT BEGINNING OF CHAPTER NOTES NOTES TIMELINE ESSAY TOPICS: A. EMANCIPATION (CHART) & ROLE OF AFRICAN- AMERICANS B. KEY TURNING POINTS C. NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN STRATEGIES… WHAT THEY WERE, WHY FAILED/WHY SUCCEEDED? D. COMPARE/CONTRAST GENERALS

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Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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