1. Political Forces and Spatial Conflict POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

2.  The designation and demarcation of space to particular unified populations constantly causes political turmoil.  WHY? SPATIAL CONFLICT

3. WAR DEATHS

4. FORCES

5. Within their boundaries, countries must contend with forces that work to pull them apart while promote the forces that bind them together.

6.  Forces that divide a country or pull a country apart  Includes: regionalism, ethnic strife, and territorial disputes. CENTRIFUGAL FORCES

7.  http://www.iupui.edu/~wellsctr/MMIA/isolating_dna/dna_isol ation_rev.swf http://www.iupui.edu/~wellsctr/MMIA/isolating_dna/dna_isol ation_rev.swf UNDERSTAND WHAT A CENTRIFUGE DOES…

8.  Political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region or group of regions.  Centers on increasing the region's influence and political power through:  movements for limited form of autonomy  devolution  states' rights  decentralization  Or through stronger measures for a greater degree of autonomy  Sovereignty  Separatism  independence REGIONALISM

9. DISCUSS PROS AND CONS OF REGIONALISM

10.  Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.  Consequently, some power(s) from the central government is/are transferred to regional governments.  What can this lead to? DEVOLUTION

11.  Can:  Reduce tensions by giving angry groups more regional power and autonomy  Lead to independence  Examples:  U.K. and Scottish Parliament  France and Corsica  Serbia and Montenegro  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/ first_time_voter/8589835.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/ first_time_voter/8589835.stm  http://resources.woodlands- junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain/britain.htm http://resources.woodlands- junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain/britain.htm

12. DEVOLVED GOVERNMENTS

13.  Political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries.  The word comes from the Balkans region of Eastern Europe, which is now composed of a handful of small states. BALKANIZATION

15.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p012vj1s http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p012vj1s  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_0 1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_0 1.shtml

16.  Balkanization can occur when:  enclaves develop with their own ethnic identities  or when central governments increasingly devolve administrative authority to their constituent territories.

18.  Forces that bind countries together:  strong national institutions  a sense of common history  reliance on strong central government CENTRIPETAL FORCES

19.  Negative external forces or threats can sometimes pull a nation together.  Example: September 11 th.  Symbols of strong centripetal forces  good institutions  strong traditions and values  an effective circulation and communication system

20.  The feeling that one’s country should be internally cohesive and should have political autonomy.  At controlled levels, nationalism can be a healthy centripetal force. NATIONALISM

21.  Nationalism can sometimes be used for evil purposes.  When does that happen?

22.  Nationalism has been associated with:  militaristic regimes  power-hungry leaders  dangerous group mentalities that prevent introspection  racist ideologies.  Example: Nazi Germany  LEBENSRAUM

23.  The identification and loyalty a person may feel for his or her nation. ETHNONATIONALISM

24.  A movement to reunite a nation’s homeland when a part of it is spread into another state’s borders.  Can lead to violence.  Examples?  http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Irr edentism.html http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Irr edentism.html IRREDENTISM

25.  Areas of the earth’s surface that have yet to officially be designated with political boundaries.  An area where borders are shifting and weak, and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land.  Examples: The Amazon region and Antarctica FRONTIERS

26.  A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers.  The existence of buffer states may help to prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries.  Buffer zone- area consisting of two or more countries located between two larger countries in conflict.  Example: Iron Curtain BUFFER STATE

27.  State or group of states that exists within a sphere of competition between larger states.  States in a shatterbelt are often invaded, experience boundary changes, and have poor economic development. SHATTERBELT

28. HISTORIC FORCES

29.  The expansion and perpetuation of an empire.  Colonial powers: Britain, Spain, Portugal, Frances, Sweden, Russia, Austria, China, and Japan.  In ancient times, Rome, Greece, and the great Aztec civilization of Mexico were colonial.  Single most important global geopolitical phenomenon of the past 500 years. COLONIALISM

30.  The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign.  Describes a situation in which one country exerts cultural or economic dominance over another without the aid of official government institutions.  Examples: Kenya (gained independence from Britain in 1963) and the US as an imperial power. IMPERIALISM

31.  The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously. SELF-DETERMINATION