1. Introduction to Biology By Miranda Simmons Fall 2010

2. Introduction to Biology

3. Essential Question: What is the definition of biology?

4. Biology Biology – the study of all forms of life. Bio “Bio” ology “ology”– life – study of

5. Biology – An Introduction 3.5 billion Life arose more than 3.5 billion years ago. single celled. The first organisms were single celled. only life forms These were the only life forms on Earth for millions of years. These organisms changed evolved. over time or evolved.

6. New arosefrom older New organisms arose from older kinds. Today there are millions millions of species. almost They inhabit almost every region every region of Earth today

7. giant redwoods to Living things come in a variety of shape & sizes. Animals Animals – Plants Plants – tiny honeypot ants the blue whale to tiny mosses

9. FungiMushrooms Shelf Fungi Morrels Truffels

10. ProtistsAmoeba Paramecium Unicellular algae Diatoms

11. Bacteria Staphylococcus E. coli Anthrax bacteria Tuberculosis bacteria

12. 2 million About 2 million different living species have been identified, tens but biologist estimate that tens of millions of species remain to be discovered. Over half Over half of the known species insects are insects, but no one knows how many insect species actually exist.

13. Every year, biologists discover about 10,000 new species. In contrast, some scientists estimate over 50,000 species die out that over 50,000 species die out, or become extinct, every year. Occasionally, however, a species thought to be extinct, is found again. For example, the ivory-billed woodpecker was thought to have become extinct in 1944, but a team of scientists reported seeing it in Arkansas in 2004.

14. Biodiversity Biodiversity is the variety of life across the biosphere.

15. Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. Every part of the biosphere is connected with every other part. The biosphere includes many environments.

16. Biodiversity Biodiversity generally increases from Earth’s poles to the equator. This means that greater biodiversity is found in warmer areas. biosphere = everywhere life exists

17. warmer temperatures = more plants = more food = more species Why is biodiversity greater closer to the equator?

18. Characteristics of Life

19. What Does it Mean to be Alive? The Characteristics of Life

20. Essential Question: What are the 7 characteristics required in order to be considered “living”?

21. 1. All living things are made up of cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life.

23. Levels of Organization

24. Some organisms are said to be … bacteria amoeba paramecium some types of algae unicellular –made up of one cell

25. multicellular –made up of many cells mushrooms plants animals While others are said to be… People

26. See how an onion is multicelluar Onion cells under a microscope

27. That is, they maintain a constant internal environment. 2. All living things maintain homeostasis. We're not cold! Such as proper: Temperature Blood sugar Blood pressure Heart rate Water level pH Etc.

28. Behavior Behavior is also involved in homeostasis. For example, animals regulate their temperature through behavior—like when you put on a jacket when you get cold. Reptiles sit on a warm rock in sunlight if they get too cold, and they move in to shade when they get too warm.

29. Homeostasis Analogy Car dash board lights. Your car is in “homeostasis when all these are OFF!

30. Homeostasis The polar bear can maintain homeostasis in very cold climates. hollow hair The polar bear has hollow hair that helps it retain its body heat. How does that work? How does that work? The thickness of the hair offers insulation while the hollow core enables air within to be kept warm by body heat. The bear also has fat deposits that help it retain warmth.

31. Homeostasis Also, the polar bear’s skin is black. Black absorbs heat and helps to keep the bear warm. By the way, the polar bear’s hair is transparent. It appears white because it reflects visible light, in much the same way that snow and ice do.

32. Polar bears at the San Diego and the Singapore zoos turned green when algae infested the hollow cores of their hairs. A polar bear at a zoo in Argentina turned purple in response to a medical treatment given to clear up a case of dermatitis.

33. 3. All living things must grow and develop.

34. 4. All living things obtain and use materials for energy. That is, undergo metabolism—take in and use energy! All of the chemical reactions taking place in your body that keep you alive require energy. Plants obtain this energy through a process know as photosynthesis. Animals obtain their energy from food. As food is broken down, energy is released.

35. 5. All living things must respond to the environment That is, respond to a stimulus. Stimulus: Hot pan Response: Remove hand Stimulus: Sun Response: Growth Stimulus: pain Response: flinch

36. Stimulus: hammer hitting knee Response: Kick doctor Stimulus: sliced onion Response: cry

37. 6. All living things must be able to reproduce. 6. All living things must be able to reproduce.

38. Reproduction can be of 2 kinds: Asexual Reproduction: Involves only one parent A single organism reproduces without the aid of another Very quick turn around!! Offspring is genetically identical to parent. Example: Bacteria reproducing asexually.

39. In asexual reproduction the cell makes a copy of its DNA and then splits into In asexual reproduction the cell makes a copy of its DNA and then splits into.

40. Reproduction can be of 2 kinds: Sexual Reproduction: Involves 2 parents sperm cell fertilizing and egg cell Two cells from different individuals unite to form the first cell of a new organism. Offspring is NOT genetically identical to either parent! Results in lots of genetic diversity or biodiversity Example: Most animals

41. Sexual Reproduction: two cells from different individuals unite to form the first cell of a new organism. Sperm surrounding egg. Sperm entering egg Fusion of sperm and egg’s genetic material Division of fertilized egg (Zygote dividing) Embryonic Development Fetus

42. 7. As a group, all livings things must be able to evolve. That is, as a population they must change over time as the environment changes—evolution. time as the environment changes—evolution.

43. evolution -they must have the ability to adapt to their environment through the process of evolution Favorable characteristics Favorable characteristics are selected for and passed adaptations on to offspring - called adaptations natural selection Driven by natural selection “survival of the fittest” or “survival of the fittest”

44. Unity and Diversity Evolution Evolution is a unifying theme of biology because it accounts for both the diversity and the similarities, or the unity, of life. As you study biology you will see time after time that organisms are related to one another. When you read about cells and genetics, for example, you will see that all organisms have similar cells structures and chemical processes. These shared characteristics result from a common evolutionary descent.

45. For example, humans and bacteria have much more in common than you think. DNA and RNA Both human and bacterial genetics are made up of the same molecules— DNA and RNA. same sources of energy, and they have similar cell structures. Both human and bacterial cells rely upon the same sources of energy, and they have similar cell structures. Both human and bacterial cells have membranes made mostly of fats that protect the inside of the cell from the environment outside the cell.

46. Do you know the 7 Characteristics of Life ? 1.are made up of units called ___________–the smallest most basic unit of life. _____cellular –1 cell; ________cellular –many cells 2. maintain a stable internal environment - a.k.a _______________ 3. must be able to _________ and ______________ 4. obtain and use energy – a.k.a. ______________ 5. respond to the environment or _____________ 6. must be able to ____________ 7. as a group - change over time a.k.a ______________ All living things: cells uni multi homeostasis grow develop metabolism stimulus evolution reproduce

47. Levels of Organization

48. Essential Question: What are life’s levels of organization?

49. impossible organized groups levels. It is impossible to study every living thing. Therefore, we must approach our study in a very organized manner. We must study groups of organisms instead of individuals. We must also study life on its many levels.

50. In life’s hierarchy of organization new properties emerge at each level. cells biosphere **Most biologists specialize in the study of life at a particular level. In life’s hierarchy of organization new properties emerge at each level. The study of biology extends from the microscopic scale of cells and molecules to the global scale of the biosphere. **Most biologists specialize in the study of life at a particular level.

51. Levels of Organization cells A group of molecules make up cells. tissues A group of cells make up tissues. organs A group of tissues working together to perform a particular function make up organs. organ systems A group of organs make up organ systems. organism A group of organ systems make up the organism.

52. Levels of Organization

53. population A group of organisms living in the same place make up a population. community A group of populations make up a community. ecosystem A group of communities, including the living and nonliving parts, make up an ecosystem. biome A group of ecosystems make up a biome. biosphere A group of biomes make up the biosphere.

54. Levels of Organization

55. Did you get that? All together now…

56. Levels of Organization

69. Branches of Biology By Miranda Simmons Fall 2010

70. Essential Question: What are some of the major divisions of biology?

71. Are you familiar with any of the branches of biology? 1.Paleontology 8. Entomology 2.Genetics 9. Phycology 3.Ecology 10. Cytology 4.Zoology 11. Ornithology 5.Botany 12. Ichthyology 6.Pathology 13. Herpetology 7.Anatomy 14. Taxonomy 8.Physiology

72. physical structure the study of the physical structure of the body. Anatomy -

73. functionorgans and their systems the study of the function of organs and their systems. Physiology -

74. Structure and Function are related in biology. Tires are round because that is the best shape for something to roll --thus move the car. When you eat, you bite with your sharp front teeth. You then chew with your grinding molars. All teeth help you eat but different types of teeth have different functions.

75. Structure and Function are related in biology. Different types of cells also have different functions that depend on their specialized structure. Brain cells process information over long distances and therefore, they have long extensions and many branches that help them to receive and send messages to other cells. Red blood cells are much smaller and disk-shaped. They are specialized to carry oxygen. Their structure allows them to fit through even the smallest blood vessels to deliver oxygen throughout your body.

76. Structure and Function are related in biology. Your hands and fingers have elevated ridges on them that help to increase friction so you can grip things to carry.

77. chemistry the study of the chemistry of living things. Biochemistry -

78. plants the study of plants. Botany -

79. cells the study of cells. Cytology -

80. relationship organismstheir environment the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. Ecology - ecosystems! Study of ecosystems!

81. insects the study of insects. Entomology -

82. animal behavior the study of animal behavior. Ethology -

83. changeover time. the study of the change of organisms over time. Evolution - controversial

84. heredity the study of heredity. Genetics -

85. reptiles the study of reptiles. Herpetology -

86. tissues the study of tissues. Histology -

87. body’s defenses the study of the body’s defenses against disease. Immunology -

88. fish the study of fish. Ichthyology -

89. microscopic organisms. the study of microscopic organisms. Microbiology -

90. the study of the cell’s chemical processes. Molecular biology -

91. fungi the study of fungi. Mycology -

92. birds the study of birds. Ornithology -

93. fossils the study of fossils. Paleontology -

94. diseases the study of diseases. Pathology -

95. Phycology - algae the study of algae.

96. namingclassifyingorganisms. the science of naming and classifying organisms. Taxonomy -

97. animals the study of animals. Zoology -

98. Quiz! Let’s see who has been sleeping Let’s see who has been sleeping!

99. See if you got it! 1. Paleontology – study of 2. Genetics – study of 3. Ecology – study of 4. Zoology – study of 5. Botany – study of 6. Pathology – study of fossils heredity interactions b/w organisms & their environment animals plants diseases

100. 7. Entomology – study of 8. Phycology – study of 9. Cytology – study of 10. Ornithology – study of 11. Physiology – study of 12. Herpetology – study of 13. Ichythology – study of 14. Taxonomy – the science of insects algae cells birds the functions of organs and systems reptiles fish naming and classifying organisms See if you got it!

101. Check out some of biology’s prefixes and suffixes Logus – study of Genetikos – origin Botanikos – of herbs Oikos – habitat Cyto - cell Palaios – ancient Morphos - shape Ornith – bird Zoion – animal Physis – nature Pathos – suffering Herpeto – reptile Entomon – insect Phyco – seaweed/algae

102. The End

103. See if you got it … 1.Paleontology – study of _____ 2.Genetics – study of _____ 3.Ecology – study of _____ 4.Zoology – study of _____ 5.Botany – study of _____ 6.Pathology – study of _____

104. Now try these… 7. Entomology – study of _____ 8. Phycology – study of _____ 9. Cytology – study of _____ 10. Ornithology – study of _____ 11. Physiology – study of _____ 12. Herpetology – study of _____ 13. Ichthyology – study of _____ 14. Taxonomy – the science of _____

105. Hi everybody, my name is Bella!

106. Welcome to Biology I am Ms. Pamela Wilder Supplies Needed: 3 ring binder (1 ½ inches) colored pencils #2 pencils glue sticks pens construction paper highlighter scissors Welcome to Biology I am Ms. Pamela Wilder Supplies Needed: 3 ring binder (1 ½ inches) colored pencils #2 pencils glue sticks pens construction paper highlighter scissors