1. Absolutism and Constitutionalism France and The Bourbons The Decline of Spain Constitutionalism in England The English Civil War

2. Absolutism –What is absolutism The King and the State God and the rule of the king State Bureaucracies Standing Armies Nobility State institutions Totalitarianism vs. Absolutism –Foundations of Absolutism in France Henry IV Taxes, Peace, and the Nobility Sully (minister)- stability and growth

3. Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII) –French Nobility –Total Subordination –Royal Council and Nobility –Administrative System »Intendants –Huguenots and Catholic Church Edict of Nantes (Henry IV) –Louis XIII and Richelieu –High Taxes and Shortages France and Richelieu –Habsburgs –Sweden and French support –Land and influence in Germany

4. –French Absolutism French Government and Taxes (Nobility and Middle Class- Tax exempt status Mazarin and France Frande –Civil Wars –Government Centralization –Economy –Louis XIV and Absolutism Absolute Monarchy of Louis XIV –Sun King –Nobility and Louis XIV Control of the Nobility Institution of the court at Versaille

6. –Palace of Versailles Royal power State policy an nobility Overawe the nobility French Language and culture Separating power from status Centralized state administration Professional class –Economy and Louis XIV Peasants and Taxes Wars and cost Tariffs and Merchant Marine Canada Heavy taxation and agriculture Inflation

8. –The Edict of Nantes- Revoked 1685 Destruction of Protestant churches and schools Division and French people –French Classicism Resembles the arts of ancient renaissance More than art Composers- Lully, Courperin, and Charpentier Theater- Moliere and Racine

9. The Wars of Louis XIV –Professional Army Employed by the state not nobility Centralized control Louis and personal control –Richelieu’s Policies continued Flanders 1667 Strasbourg 1681 and Lorraine 1684 League of Augsburg and England –Banks and Enemies Finance –William III of England –Dutch King

10. –The War of Spanish Succession 1701- 1713 Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Throne after the death of Charles II Charles left everything to his half-sister grandson Phillip (Phillip V of Spain) Phillip V was a grandson of Louis XIV Fought to preserve the balance of power in Europe Grand Alliance- Dutch, Prussia (HRE) Austrians, and English Fought in North America as well –Spanish main (Privateers and English Ships vs. Spanish fleet) –Queen Anne’s War

11. Charles II Hapsburg King of Spain Louis XIV Bourbon King of France Phillip V King of Spain

14. Most of the War fought in the low countries (Dutch republics and Netherlands) The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 The Treaty of Rastatt 1714 France and peasant rebellion French economy The Decline of Spain (17 th Century) –Decline of Spanish Absolute monarch Fiscal problems Political incompetence Isolationism Mercantilism Middle Class

16. Trade Monopoly- Dutch and English Silver Supply and Inflation (New World Silver) Aristocrats and extravagance Spanish kings –War and Spanish Decline War with France War with the Dutch Treaty of Pyrenees of 1659 –Don Quixote Spanish impractical dreams of grandeur

17. Constitutionalism in England –Constitutionalism Rule of law in the state Balance of between power of the government and rights of the people Constitution must be respected by government –Not the same as a full democracy –Not everyone can participate –Decline of absolutism (1603-1649) Since Elizabeth I the Stuart Kings lacked the political wisdom and power needed James I and divine right monarch Absolutism and England

18. House of Commons in England –James I and rule –Middle Class growth –King vs. House of Commons –Charles I ruled without parliament from 1620-1640 Religious differences –English Puritans- a majority –Dissatisfaction with Church of England- Catholic rituals/rights in church –Charles I and Archbishop Laud- Pro Catholic –Protestant Reformation and England

19. The English Civil War 1642-1649 –Parliament Taxation without consent Despotism Limitation of Royal Power Scottish revolt –Religion –Army King compelled to summon parliament every 3 years Impeachment of archbishop Laud Irish revolt

20. –Charles I and England Where should sovereignty reside? Military action against parliament Was beheaded in 1649 –The Fighting Cavaliers and Roundheads Parliament and their military forces under Oliver Cromwell Surrender of Charles I Execution of Charles I- 1649 –People of England –Loss of the King –Rule of the King

24. –Puritanical Absolutism Commonwealth of England –Power of Parliament –Power of the Army in the State –Oliver Cromwell and Lord Protector Cromwell’s defeat of the Royalists Cromwell as Lord Protector –Puritan ideological rule –Religious toleration- except Catholicism –Revolt in Ireland –Censorship –Navigation Acts- British Merchants »Would lead to war with the Dutch »Boom to the economy

26. –Restoration of the Monarchy Removal of Cromwell’s institution Charles II –Son of Charles I –Return to normalcy –The Test Act of 1673 –The Cabal- Council of 5 »Members of Parliament »Advisors to Charles Forerunner to the Cabinet system –Relationship with Parliament James II –Charles II deathbed- Catholicism –James and Catholicism

27. Rule of James II –Secret Catholicism –Favor of the people and parliament at first –Had lost favor because of his Catholicism but that threat was forgotten/disappeared during the rule of his brother Charles II –Violated Test Act »Gave government jobs to Catholics Threat to Rule of James II –Rebellions –Parliament objections to rule (Catholic issues) –Absoluter rule after he disbanded parliament –England feared a Catholic monarchy –Rebellions against James came from Holland –William Duke of Orange (nephew/son in law)

28. –Glorious Revolution Peaceful bloodless exchange of Power Return to Protestant rule –James II son was Catholic –Mary was married to the William Duke of Orange form Holland –James II would be expelled from England William and Mary would rule on the Laws and Acts passed by Parliament –Establishment of separation of Powers –Power divided between two institutions The Bill of Rights 1689 –Parliament met every three years –Elected without interference from the King –Judiciary was independent from the crown

29. –John Locke and Government Government was invented to protect the people- Life, Liberty, and Property Natural or Universal Rights –Cabinet System and England King and parliament Relationship between two The Dutch Republic- 17 th Century –The United Provinces of the Netherlands Won independence from Spain Peace of Westphalia 1648 Dutch Golden Age

30. –The Dutch Republic Confederation of provinces Based on certain values that led to economic growth and the formation of a commercial empire Dutch Fishing Industry The Dutch East India Company 1602 –Portuguese trade in East Asia The Dutch West India Company 1622 –Traded in Africa and Latin America War with England in 1670’s –Hurt economic growth of the Dutch

31. Absolutism in Eastern Europe RussiaAustriaPrussia Baroque Architecture

32. Lords and Peasants in Eastern Europe –1400-1650 advancements for peasants were rolled back Serfdom was re-imposed Done by nobility and rulers –Medieval background 1050-1300 personal and economic freedoms were attained Serfdom nearly gone Post 1300- revival of serfdom to combat economic problems –Laws passed to restrict movement and peasants rights –Heavy labor obligations and land seized

33. –Consolidation of serfdom Reestablishment of hereditary serfdom –Poland, Russia, and Prussia –1500-1650 Growth of estate agriculture –Lords seized peasant lands –Demanded unpaid serfdom labor Political reasons for Eastern European Serfdom –Weak monarchs and nobility demands –Western idea of sovereignty –Peasants- Less solidarity and political power –Landlords and town system –Ideas toward Eastern Europe

34.  The rise of Austria and Prussia Austria and the Ottoman Turks ○ Thirty Years War- Habsburgs consolidation of power Absolutism was achieved Serfdom increases Protestantism wiped out Ferdinand III created a standing army and centralized the government ○ Hungary and land ○ Ottomans and Hungary/Transylvania ○ Ottomans under Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman State

35. Ottomans attack Austria in 1683 –Habsburgs defeat the Ottomans by 1699 –Conqueror Hungary and Transylvania –Louis XIV of France and Nobles from Hungary Habsburg’s controlled Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary –Prussia in the 17 th century Hohenzollern control of Prussia after the 30 Years War Fredrick William (The Great Elector) –Military force –Weakened Junkers (nobility) –Traditional Parliaments and Estates Consolidation of Power to Absolutism –Prussian militarism –Junker class became military elite

37. Early Russia –Russia and development vs. rest of Europe (Mongols) –Mongol Control and Rise of Moscow Princes of Moscow and the Mongols Duchy of Moscow Ivan I Ivan III- Novgorod and Independence –Mongol Khan –Dispute among the Khanates –The Khanate Golden Horde –Isolationism of Russia –Orthodox Church and freedom from the Mongols

39. –Russian Czar/Tsar Prince of Moscow/Duchy of Moscow Czar and Boyars –Service Nobility –Military service Ivan the Terrible –Autocratic Ruler –Orthodox Church –Boyars –Cossacks –Middle Class –Oprichnina/Oprichnikie Time of Troubles –Ivan heir and death of his son –Invasion of Swedish and Polish armies –Cossacks in eastern regions –Nobility and control

41. Michael Romanov –Reestablishment of autocracy –Czarist control over people –Enserfment of peasants –Nobility and power –Reforms in Russia and Peter the Great Russian westernization- Ivan III, Ivan IV and Peter the Great –Catherine the Great and enlightened despotism Peter and Army –Prussian and other western advisors Great Northern War –St. Petersburg –Army and size

42. Russian Bureaucracy Russian Peasant life –People and assignments Territorial Expansion –St. Petersburg and Baltic Sea –Peter and War in the South- Ottoman lands and Crimea Peter and western Ideas Absolutism and Baroque Architecture –Palaces and Power Show places for the authority of the king Architecture played an important role in politics because it enhanced the image of a ruler and awed the people

43. The Royal Palace was a favorite architectural expression of absolutist power Baroque was a dramatic and emotional style –Cities and Urban Planning Cities were built along orderly lines Large imposing public buildings New avenues brought speed to cities Long straight streets –The growth of St. Petersburg Example of the tie among architecture, politics, and urban development

45. Peter the Great built the new western city in the baroque style Show place for Russia and the Czar In the 18 th century one of the worlds largest cities –Straight avenues –Houses were built in uniform line –Parks, Canals, and streetlights –Each social groups was to live in a specific section –Western section was Peters favorite Peasants bore the heavy burdens to construct the city