1. Fig. 3-00

2. Fig. 3-01 Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branchedCarbon skeletons may be arranged in rings Double bond

3. Fig. 3-01a Carbon skeletons vary in length

4. Fig. 3-01b Double bond Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location

5. Fig. 3-01c Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched

6. Fig. 3-01d Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings

7. Fig. 3-02 Structural formulaBall-and-stick modelSpace-filling model

8. Fig. 3-02a Structural formula

9. Fig. 3-02b Ball-and-stick model

10. Fig. 3-02c Space-filling model

11. Fig. 3-03

12. Fig. 3-04 Short polymer Monomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer Hydrolysis (a) Building a polymer chain(b) Breaking a polymer chain

13. Fig. 3-04a Short polymerMonomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer (a) Building a polymer chain

14. Fig. 3-04b Hydrolysis (b) Breaking a polymer chain

15. Fig. 3-05 GlucoseFructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Isomers

16. Fig. 3-05a Glucose Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Isomers

17. Fig. 3-06 (a) Linear and ring structures (b) Abbreviated ring structure

18. Fig. 3-06a (a) Linear and ring structures

19. Fig. 3-06b (b) Abbreviated ring structure

20. Fig. 3-07 Glucose Galactose Lactose

21. Fig. 3-08 processed to extract broken down into converted to sweeter added to foods as high-fructose corn syrup Starch Glucose Fructose Ingredients: carbonated water, high-fructose corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors

22. Fig. 3-09 Glucose monomer (a) Starch (b) Glycogen (c) Cellulose Starch granules Glycogen granules Cellulose fibril Cellulose molecules

23. Fig. 3-10 Oil (hydrophobic) Vinegar (hydrophilic)

24. Fig. 3-11 Fatty acid Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”

25. Fig. 3-11a Fatty acid Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol

26. Fig. 3-11b (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”

27. Fig. 3-12 Saturated Fats TYPES OF FATS Unsaturated Fats Margarine Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS

28. Fig. 3-12a Saturated Fats

29. Fig. 3-12b Unsaturated Fats Margarine Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID  ANTIOXIDANTS 

30. Fig. 3-13 Cholesterol TestosteroneA type of estrogen

31. Fig. 3-14 THG

32. Fig. 3-15 MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Structural ProteinsStorage Proteins Contractile ProteinsTransport ProteinsEnzymes

33. Fig. 3-15a Structural Proteins (provide support)

34. Fig. 3-15b Storage Proteins (provide amino acids for growth)

35. Fig. 3-15c Contractile Proteins (help movement)

36. Fig. 3-15d Transport Proteins (help transport substances)

37. Fig. 3-15e Enzymes (help chemical reactions)

38. Fig. 3-16 (a) The general structure of an amino acid (b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic side groups Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrophobic side group Hydrophilic side group LeucineSerine Side group

39. Fig. 3-16a (a) The general structure of an amino acid Amino group Carboxyl group Side group

40. Fig. 3-16b (b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic side groups Hydrophobic side group Hydrophilic side group LeucineSerine

41. Fig. 3-17-1 Amino group Carboxyl group Side group Side group Amino acid

42. Fig. 3-17-2 Amino group Carboxyl group Side group Side group Amino acid Side group Side group Dehydration reaction Peptide bond

43. Fig. 3-18 Amino acid 1 5 10 20 15 25 30 35 40 45 5055 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 129

44. Fig. 3-19 Normal red blood cell Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin (b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin (a) Normal hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 1 2 3 4 5 6 SEM

45. Fig. 3-19a Normal red blood cell (a) Normal hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 SEM

46. Fig. 3-19b Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin (b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 SEM

47. Fig. 3-20-1 (a) Primary structure

48. Fig. 3-20-2 (a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix

49. Fig. 3-20-3 (a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix (c) Tertiary structure Polypeptide

50. Fig. 3-20-4 (a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix (c) Tertiary structure Polypeptide (d) Quaternary structure Protein with four polypeptides

51. Fig. 3-21 Protein Target

52. Fig. 3-22 Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids

53. Fig. 3-23 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) (a) Atomic structure(b) Symbol used in this book Phosphate Base Sugar

54. Fig. 3-23a Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) (a) Atomic structure

55. Fig. 3-23b (b) Symbol used in this book Phosphate Base Sugar

56. Fig. 3-24 Adenine (A)Guanine (G) Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Space-filling model of DNA

57. Fig. 3-24a Adenine (A)Guanine (G) Thymine (T)Cytosine (C)

58. Fig. 3-24b Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Space-filling model of DNA

59. Fig. 3-25 Sugar-phosphate backbone Nucleotide Base pair Hydrogen bond Bases (a) DNA strand (polynucleotide) (b) Double helix (two polynucleotide strands)

60. Fig. 3-25a Sugar-phosphate backbone Nucleotide Bases (a) DNA strand (polynucleotide)

61. Fig. 3-25b Base pair Hydrogen bond (b) Double helix (two polynucleotide strands)

62. Fig. 3-26 Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) Uracil (U) Sugar (ribose)

63. Fig. 3-27 DNA Human cell (DNA in 46 Chromosomes) Chromosome 2 (one DNA molecule) Section of chromosome 2 Lactase gene 14,000 nucleotides C at this site causes lactose intolerance T at this site causes lactose tolerance

64. Fig. 3-28

65. Fig. 3-UN01 Short polymerMonomerHydrolysis Dehydration reaction Longer polymer

66. Fig. 3-UN02 Large biological molecules FunctionsComponentsExamples Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Dietary energy; storage; plant structure Long-term energy storage (fats); hormones (steroids) Enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, and others Information storage Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose Disaccharides: lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose Fats (triglycerides); Steroids (testosterone, estrogen) Lactase (an enzyme), hemoglobin (a transport protein) DNA, RNA Monosaccharide Components of a triglyceride Amino acid Nucleotide Fatty acid Glycerol Amino group Carboxyl group Side group Phosphate Base Sugar

67. Fig. 3-UN02a FunctionsComponentsExamples Dietary energy; storage; plant structure Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose Disaccharides: lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose Monosaccharide Carbohydrates

68. Fig. 3-UN02b FunctionsComponentsExamples Lipids Long-term energy storage (fats); hormones (steroids) Fats (triglycerides); Steroids (testosterone, estrogen) Components of a triglyceride Fatty acid Glycerol

69. Fig. 3-UN02c FunctionsComponentsExamples Proteins Enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, and others Lactase (an enzyme), hemoglobin (a transport protein) Amino acid Amino group Carboxyl group Side group

70. Fig. 3-UN02d FunctionsComponentsExamples Nucleic acids Information storage DNA, RNA Nucleotide Phosphate Base Sugar

71. Fig. 3-UN03 Primary structure (sequence of amino acids) Secondary structure (localized folding) Tertiary structure (overall shape) Quaternary structure (found in proteins with multiple polypeptides)

72. Fig. 3-UN04 DNA double helix DNA strandDNA nucleotide Base Sugar Phosphate group