1. The Road to Revolution
Chapter 5 (Page 140)

2. Trouble on the Frontier
Chapter 5 Section 1 (Page 140)

3. Competing Empires

4. Competing Empires
Need for British farmland soon pushed farmers toward French territory.
Native Americans lived on French land without trouble, but as the British moved onto French territory, this pressure led to trouble.

5. The French and Indian War
1753- The French begin to build forts to reclaim their territory, alarming British colonists living in the Ohio River Valley.
The governor of Virginia sent a militia- a force made up of civilians trained as soldiers, led by a 21 year-old George Washington to tell the French to leave. The French tell George Washington “….no.”
1754- George Washington returns to the Ohio River Valley to build a fort, but arrived to find the French already building a fort. Washington traveled 50 miles south and built Fort Necessity.
Washington and his men attacked a small French fort and won, but later the French seized Fort Necessity, and allowed Washington and his men to live, and send a message home to Virginia, that the French would never give up the Ohio River Valley.

6. The Albany Congress
A worried British government called for the meeting of colonial leaders to brace for war.
The British reached out to the Iroquois tribe in hopes to form an alliance- an agreement between nations or groups to help each other against other nations or groups, against the French.
The Iroquois refused the offer, because they expected the French to defeat Britain if they did go to war.

7. The Albany Plan of Union
Benjamin Franklin believed the colonies must unite to defeat the French, and created The Albany Plan of Union.
The Albany Plan of Union called for control over western settlements, relations with the Native Americans, and organization of armies, and taxes to pay for those armies.
Approved by The Albany Congress, denied by colonies; Colonies wanted to control their own taxes and armies.
“Weak noodles”

8. Early British Defeats
Fort Duquesne- 1755, General Braddock, who knew nothing about war in North American geography, trekked through dense forest and were ambushed by the French and Native Americans. More than half of Braddock’s men were killed, and Braddock killed as well.
1756- Britain officially declares war on France, beginning the Seven Years’ War.

9. The British Turn the Tide
1757- William Pitt becomes prime minister. Chose young military talents to be in command. Including James Wolfe, a 30 year old general.
1758- British forces seize the fort at Louisbourg, Fort Duquesne. (Renamed Fort Pitt, eventually became Pittsburg)
These victories led the Iroquois to side with the British.
British troops successfully seized Quebec, leaving the French unable to defend their North American Territories.
1760- France loses Montreal to the British.

10. The British Turn the Tide
1763- The Treaty of Paris is signed by the French and British. In this treaty, France lost most of its North American Territory.
France ceded- or surrendered French Canada, territory east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida.
Now left without help from the French, Native American lost a great deal of land, and could no longer stop British settlers from moving onto their lands.

11. The Colonists resist tighter control
Chapter 5 Section 2 (Page 145)

12. The Effects of the French and Indian War
France loses its North American possessions.
Britain is left with a large debt
Colonists develop a sense of unity
Colonists begin settling in the Ohio River Valley
Native Americans resist colonists settling in the Ohio River valley

13. Conflict With Native Americans
Native Americans living west of the Appalachian Mountains tried desperately to keep their lands.
Fighting between Native Americans and white settlers began as soon as the French and Indian War ended.
1763- Pontiac, leader of the Ottawa Nation attacked British forts and killed 2000 white settlers. British settlers fought back, and eventually won Pontiac’s War”

14. The Proclamation of 1763
The British government issued the Proclamation of 1763, banning colonial settlements west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, to avoid further violence with the Native Americans.
The Proclamation of 1763 angered many colonists, was widely ignored, and proved impossible for the British to enforce.

15. British Rule Leads to Conflict
Colonists began to identify as colonists, rather than British subjects.
The Sugar Act Britain imposes The Sugar Act, a duty- or import tax, and called for the harsh punishment of smugglers.
The Quartering Act- 1765, this act required colonists to house British troops, and provide them with food and supplies. Over 10,000 soldiers were housed in the colonies to enforce the Proclamation of 1763

16. The Stamp Act
Passed by Parliament in 1765, The Stamp Act required all colonists to buy tax stamps for all kinds of products.
Protests against the Stamp Act were widespread.
Merchants in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia organized a boycott- an organized campaign to refuse to buy certain products, for all British goods.
Delegates from nine colonies sent a petition- a written request to a government to repeal the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act.
The protests worked, in 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.
They then passed the Declaratory Act, stating parliament had total authority over the colonies.

17. Protests Spread
The Townshend Act- Britain would no longer tax products or activities inside the colonies, just products brought into the colonies.
Writ of assistance- Court orders that allowed officials to make searches without saying for what they were searching.
The Boston Massacre- March 5th, 1770 An angry crowd threw snowballs at soldiers, the British soldiers fired into the crowd killing six people.

18. Committees of Correspondence
Committees of Correspondence aimed to keep colonists informed of British actions.

19. From Protest to Rebellion
Chapter 5 Section 3 (Page 150)

20. A Dispute Over Tea
1770’s- The Townshend Act had been repealed, but the tax on tea stayed in place.
The Tea Act, Lowered the price of tea by allowing the East India Company to ship tea directly to the colonies, instead of going through Britain first.
This gave the East India Company a monopoly on importing British tea to the colonies.
Monopoly- Total control of a market for a certain product.
This monopoly hurt colonial merchants.

21. The Boston Tea Party
For two weeks prior to the Boston Tea Party, a group of colonists called the Sons of Liberty stopped shipments of tea from being unloaded in major ports.
December 16th 1773, a large crowd gathered in the harbor. Over three hours, this crowd, disguised as Native Americans threw 342 cases of tea into the harbor. 90,000 pounds of tea was destroyed.

22. The Intolerable Acts
In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed four laws:
The port of Boston was closed.
The powers of the royal governor were strengthened.
The powers of town meetings were cut, the upper house of Massachusetts legislature was abolished
The Quartering Act of 1765 was strengthened.
The Quebec Act- A government was established in the territory of Quebec, blocking colonists in the north from moving west.

23. The Intolerable Acts
Colonists responded by sending food and supplies to Boston.
The Committee of Correspondence organized the First Continental Congress, to decide what to do next. The meeting included John Adams, Samuel Adams, and George Washington.
The Congress demanded a repeal, or official end, of the Intolerable Acts, declared the colonies had the right to tax and govern themselves, and called for the training of militias for defense against the British.
Minutemen- Citizen soldiers who could be ready to fight at a minutes notice.

24. The Shot Heard Round The World
April General Thomas Cage learned the minutemen were storing arms in Concord, Massachusetts. He responded by sending 700 troops to seize the arms and capture colonial leaders. As the army approached, Paul Revere and William Dawes rode through town, warning the minutemen.
77 minutemen were waiting outside of town to meet the British troops. The British told the minutemen to go home, then a shot rang out. Neither side knew who had fired it. This came to be known as “The Shot Heard Round the World.”

25. Chapter 5 Section 4 (Page 156)
The War Begins
Chapter 5 Section 4 (Page 156)

26. The Second Continental Congress
May The Second Continental Congress meets.
Divided on most issues, almost all delegates agreed to prepare for war.
Took steps toward printing paper money, began acting like a government.

27. Patriots vs. Loyalists
Patriots- Colonists who favored independence and going to war with Britain.
Loyalists- Colonists who remained loyal to Britain and the king.
Loyalists were the minority, Patriots took control of local governments. African Americans and Native Americans were mostly Loyalists.

28. Petitioning to the King
Olive Branch Petition: Stated the colonists were loyal to the king, and to stop all disputes between the colonies and Britain.
Declaration of Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms: Stating the colonists were ready to die for freedom from Britain.

29. An Important American Victory
Victory at Ticonderoga:
Important for two reasons: Ticonderoga controlled the main route between Canada and the Hudson River valley. It also held valuable weapons, like canons, which Patriots desperately needed.

30. Battle of Bunker Hill
June ,500 British troops occupied Boston. 10,000 American troops surrounded the city. These troops were not trained soldiers.
American soldiers waited until the British were 150 feet away then opened fire, hundreds of British troops fell dead.
American soldiers soon ran out of ammunition and had to retreat. The British won, but at a terrible cost.
Blockade- The shutting off of a port by ships to keep people or supplies from moving in or out.
Mercenaries- Soldiers who serve another country for money.