1. Demand for educated individuals: In mediaeval government As result of church reform In commerce

2. 11th c. Increasing numbers of Classical works and works upon these passing into Europe in Arabic/Hebrew translations c. 1200 Arabic (Hindi) numerals being used in Europe

3. 1079 Bishops required to institute teaching of liberal arts at cathedral schools By 1179 Church requiring all cathedrals and many other institutions to maintain schools Other educational institutions: Baronial households Guilds

4. UniversitasBologna ParisOxford

5. 11th c. Italian lawyers studying law more deeply, incl. Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian (r. 527-65) Major figures at Bologna: Pepo (late 11th c.) Gratian - Decretum (c. 1140) Irnerius (1050-c. 1130) Four faculties by 12th c.: rhetoric, civil law, canon law, medicine (following Salerno)

6. Nations: Cismontane (Italians) Ultramontane (everyone else) Led by elected rectors

7. Notre Dame de Paris Before end 12th c. Masters at Paris form a guild 1200 King grants privileges to the university Four nations: France, Normandy, Picardy, England, each headed by proctor By mid-13th c. University elects rector: head of Faculty of Arts. Also faculties of Theology, Canon Law, Medicine

8. Map Link: Nations of the University of Paris: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/ 02/Four_nations_university_Paris.png/464px- Four_nations_university_Paris.pngFour_nations_university_Paris.png>

9. Early 12th c. Visiting scholars from Bologna and Paris lecturing at Oxford 1167 Henry II orders English scholars at Paris to return to England Late 12th c. Scholars and students active at Oxford 1214 University elects chancellor Early 13th c. Founding of Cambridge University

10. Padua (1222)Naples (1224) Toulouse (1230)Spain/Portugal (end 13th c.)

11. Map Link: Medieval Universities: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 6/68/Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg/671px- Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpgMap_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg>

12. Seeking independence from lay and ecclesiastical jurisdiction Seeking control of curriculum Entry requirements: Latin trivium (grammar, logic/dialectic, rhetoric). 2 grammar, 5 logic  Bachelor of Arts at Paris “hearing”

13. quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy). 5-6 years  Master of Arts Leave, teach, or study for degree in law, medicine, or theology Disputations Quodlibets (“whatever you like”) Theology: “queen of sciences”

14. Early 12th c. Translation of Euclid’s Geometry into Latin Arabic numerals  trigonometry, algebra arithmetic Works of Aristotle transforming logic Arabic works on medicine

15. Decrees of popes and general councils informing theology and canon law 1234 Decretals of Pope Gregory IX compiled Early 14th c. Compilation of Corpus Juris Canonici

16. 1258 Foundation of the Sorbonne by Robert de Sorbon, confessor to Louis IX, at Paris 1264 Walter of Merton founds Merton College, Oxford. At about the same time John Balliol founds Balliol College 1284 Foundation of Peterhouse College, Cambridge

17. Born at Bologna 1228 Becomes professor at university Important commentaries on canon law Odofredus (d. 1265)

18. Spanish, studies canon law at Bologna 1304 Becomes Franciscan friar Tutors children of regent of Portugal, then serves Pope John XXII (p. 1316-34) Holds bishoprics in Greece and Portugal Dies in Seville De Planctu Ecclesiae Libri Duo Alvarus Pelagius (c. 1275-1349)