1. Chapter 18: Conflict and Absolutism
Europe in Crisis

2. Spain’s Conflicts Militant Catholicism
King Philip II “The Most Catholic King”
1500: Spain expelled all Jews and Muslims
Claimed Spain as Catholic Kingdom
Nation chosen by God to save Catholic faith
The Netherlands
Calvinists and others resented the control of Philip II
: War breaks out
William the Silent led the Catholics
Eventual truce was reached for 12 year period
Netherlands created own identity and established Republic

3. Protestantism in England
1558: Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen
Leader of a Protestant movement once again in England
Established new “Act of Supremacy”
Only supreme governor of church and state
Politically tried to please everyone
Moderately Protestant
Always sided with the weaker country in the battle between France and Spain
1588: Spanish Armada sent to invade England
Completely unprepared and defeated
Led to the downfall of Spanish control
Country eventually went bankrupt

4. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
The Huguenots
French protestants
7% of population but 40-50% of nobility
Seen as a threat to the Crown
Henry IV (Huguenot leader) becomes king
Converts to Catholicism (Why?)
1598: Edict of Nantes
Made Catholicism official religion of France
Huguenots will be allowed to worship and enjoy political privileges

5. Crises in Europe Inflation: Rapid Increase in prices Economic Crises
Brought about by demand for land and food
Economic Crises
Spain
Depended primarily on silver from mines
Mines were depleted
Italy
Decline from time of Renaissance

6. Crises in Europe Witchcraft Trials
Witchcraft culturally relevant for centuries
Inquisition brought about fear of it
Religiously different and frightening
100,000 brought to trial
Usually single women over the age of 50
Thirty Years’ War (Treat of Westphalia)
Began with Calvinists wanting recognition
Motive
Religion: Catholics vs Calvinists
Political and Territorial
Wanted to defeat and carve up Holy Roman Empire

7. Conflict and Absolutism in Europe
War and Revolution in England

8. The Stuart Dynasty James I (King of Scotland)
Believed in divine right of kings; Parliament did not
Religion
Pushed the motives of the Anglican Church
Puritans (Protestant-Calvinists) wanted church to be more Protestant
Number of nobles turned Puritan
Threatens his power

9. The Stuart Dynasty Charles I (Son of James)
Took a similar stance as his father
Parliament passes Petition of Rights
Limits King’s ability to tax, imprison, etc.
Charles ignores it
Imposed more Anglican rituals
Puritans move to America
Disregard for people led to war

10. The Civil War Cavaliers (Royalists) vs. Roundheads (Parliament)
Roundheads would eventually win thanks to Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of New Model Army; Military genius
NMA: made up of Extreme Puritans
Cromwell purges Parliament of all Royalists (Rump Parliament)
Executes Charles I in 1649
Commonwealth is born from it

11. The Commonwealth
Cromwell eventually abolishes the monarchy and the House of Lords (Upper House)
Declares England a Commonwealth
Over time, forced to destroy all of Parliament
Creates military dictatorship
Dies in 1658

12. The Restoration Charles II
Brought to throne to continue Stuart Dynasty
Parliament kept most of the power though
Religion
Sympathetic towards Catholics
Suspended all laws against Catholics and Puritans
Parliament passes Test Act
Anglicans only for major offices
Converts to Catholicism on deathbed

13. The Restoration James II (Brother of Charles II) A devout Catholic
Gives many high ranking offices to Catholics
Why did Parliament allow him to do so?
Heir to throne a Protestant so things would go back to normal when James died
James marries a Catholic and has male heir
Threatens Catholic Dynasty
Leads to an overthrow of the dynasty

14. Glorious Revolution
Nobles ask William or Orange and Mary (James daughter) to come take over England
Why called the Glorious Revolution?
Almost no bloodshed
James’ men desert before battle
William and Mary become king and queen
Changes to England
Toleration Act: Puritans public worship
Destroyed idea of divine right
People could have trial by jury and guns

15. Chapter 18: Conflict and Absolutism
Absolutism in Europe

16. What is Absolutism? Absolutism Ruler holds total power of government
Associated with divine rights of king
Seen in use in France, Spain, Prussia, and Russia
France and Louis XIV is the greatest example

17. France before Louis XIV
France in a period of struggle over power
Both Louis XIII and Louis XIV children when given the throne
Both had ministers run the country until they were of age to run the country
Louis XIII had Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV had Cardinal Mazarin

18. France before Louis XIV
Cardinal Richelieu
Royal minister under Louis XIII
Strengthened the power of monarchy
Huguenots became a threat in society
Had political and military rights removed
Allowed them to keep religious rights
Set up a spy network to keep track of coups
Executed anyone conspiring against the throne

19. Louis XIV in Power Age 23: Desires to be real king (Bourbon Dynasty)
Known as a fun loving person
Not taken seriously
Claimed to be Sun King
Source of light for all of France
Key to Power
Total control of central policymaking

20. Louis XIV in Power Versailles Establishes Royal Court
Serves 3 purposes
1. Personal household of king
2. Chief offices of state
3. Place where powerful people came looking for favors

21. Louis XIV in Power Greatest Danger to Louis XIV
Nobles and Royal Princes
Felt like they should play role in government
Louis felt otherwise
Removed them from royal council
Gave them court jobs that kept them busy while not allowing them to make policies

22. Louis XIV in Power What kind of control did Louis XIV actually have?
In charge of:
Foreign Policy
The Church (Catholicism)
Taxes
Not in charge of:
Local level policies
Different cities had different laws
Bribed officials to get more local power

23. Louis XIV in Power Religion Devout Catholic
Wanted to maintain Catholic presence
Anti-Protestant policy
Destroyed Huguenot churches
Closed Huguenot schools
200,000 fled France because of it

24. Louis XIV in Power Jean Baptiste Colbert
Controller general of finances
Kept France financially sound
Increased wealth through mercantilism
Decreased the number of imports (Tariffs on imports)
Subsidized new industries
Built roads and canals for transportation

25. Louis XIV in Power Military Standing Army of 400,000
Conducted wars during most of reign in Europe
Put member of his family in charge in Spain

26. Legacy of Louis XIV How did his reign affect France?
Left country surrounded by enemies
Majority of France in poverty
Even though he maintained power, the common people suffered
Looking down the road, this is the beginning of the movement towards the French Revolution

27. Emergence of Prussia Frederick William the Great Elector
Established the Prussian state
With limited natural boundaries, established large army
Created General War Commissariat
Created taxes to support army
Overseer of the military
Junkers (aristocrats) served as officers in the army

29. Austrian Empire Austrian Hapsburgs
Created empire covering Austria, Hungary, and Czech Republic
Had issues become an absolutist state
Never had centralized government
Too many different groups of people
Only thing tying everyone together is service to Hapsburgs

31. Russia Ivan IV Peter the Great Became the first czar of Russia
Better known as Ivan the Terrible
Did many horrible deeds to expand country
Peter the Great
The most prominent member of Romanov family
Took reign in 1689
Wanted to Westernize Russia

32. Russia Peter the Great Westernization Government
Modernized the army and navy
Peasants drafted for 25 year stints into army
Created army of 210,000
Ordered a book of etiquette for Russia
How men and women should act and dress
Wanted to have port access to the West (Baltic Sea)
Government
Divided country into provinces
Wanted to create a “police state”
People did not have the same feeling about service