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Published byOswald Kelly Modified over 8 years ago
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Carbon Compounds Essential Questions What makes food “nutritious”?
What are the building blocks of cells?
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Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules
Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules? Elements and compounds? A: Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined together. Compounds are made up of two or more elements.
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B. What is everything made of?
Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler substance, e.g. ____________, _____________, ______________ Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________. Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g. ______________ _______________________ Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________ joined together. Smallest particle of a __________________ carbon oxygen hydrogen element water (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2) atoms compound
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1. The author states that “no other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.” (p. 44). Describe three different things carbon can do that makes it useful to living things. Can join with other elements: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. Can join with other carbon atoms to form chains, rings Key ingredient in proteins, nucleic acids
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2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
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3. What chemical elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about carbohydrates:
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates. Living things use them as their main source of energy. Sugar molecules are made up of starch molecules joined together in chains. Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity.
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5. Single sugar molecules are also called __________________
monosaccharides
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6. Circle the letter of each monosaccharide.
a. galactose b. glycogen c. glucose d. fructose
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7. What are polysaccharides?
Chain of monosaccharides, also known as starch.
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8. How do animals and plants store excess sugar?
Animals store as glycogen (chain of glucose molecules) in the liver Plants store excess sugar as starch
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9. What elements are lipids mostly made of?
Carbon and hydrogen (some oxygen too)
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10. What are three common categories of lipids. a. ________________ b
10. What are three common categories of lipids? a. ________________ b. ______________ c. _____________ oils waxes Fats
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11. Circle the letter of each way that fats are used in living things:
As parts of biological membranes To store energy To give plants rigidity As chemical messengers
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12. What elements are nucleic acids made up of?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
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13. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things?
Store genetic information, traits passed from parents to offspring.
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14. What are two kinds of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
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15. What chemical elements make up proteins?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
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16. Proteins are made of smaller molecules called ____________
amino acids.
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17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things. a
17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things? a. ____________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________ c. ________________________________ d. ________________________________ Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) Make muscle, bone, cells, and tissues Transport things in and out of cells Help fight diseases (antibodies)
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Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Elements Categories/Forms Functions Food Sources Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Starches, sugars Enzymes, antibodies, etc. Fats, oils Form cells & tissues, control rates of chem rxns, fight disease Main source of energy Store energy Breads, cereals, rice, pasta, potato, dairy Meat, dairy, fried foods Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, dry beans
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Questions?
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Polymers Monomer = __one____ unit molecule
Polymer = molecule made of ____many__ units
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Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated
Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at room temperature Unsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. 24
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Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated
Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Unsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. 25
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Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated
Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Unsaturated Found in plants, usually __liquid______ at room temperature. 26
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Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated?
_________________________________ Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
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Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated?
Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
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Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated?
Why? ____saturated fats are solid at room temp., easier to form clots and clog arteries.___________________________ _________________________________
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Clogged arteries
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How do living things use lipids?
Fat, storage of energy. Makes up cell membranes Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?
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Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?
They don’t mix with water, keeps membrane from dissolving in water oil water
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What foods are good sources of lipids? ______________________________
Meat, dairy, fried foods
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Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and n__________.
Polymer made up of a______ acids
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Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___.
Polymer made up of a______ acids
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Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___.
Polymer made up of amino__ acids
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Amino Acids: Building Blocks of P____________
20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. 37
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Amino Acids: Building Blocks of __Proteins_____
20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. 38
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Amino Acids
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How do living things use proteins?
1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e________________. 40
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How do living things use proteins?
1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive enzymes__________. 41
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How do living things use proteins?
2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, m___________ 42
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How do living things use proteins?
2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, _muscle______ 43
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How do living things use proteins?
3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. h______________ 4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________ 44
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How do living things use proteins?
3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____ 4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________ 45
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How do living things use proteins?
3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____ 4. Fight infections, e.g. antibodies_______ 46
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How do living things use proteins?
5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells 47
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How do living things use proteins?
5. Movement, e.g. muscle________ cells 48
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How do living things use proteins?
6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell m___________________ 49
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How do living things use proteins?
6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell _membranes___________ 50
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Protein Structure The structure of proteins is fundamental for their function (i.e. what they look like determines what they can do) Proteins have four levels of structure: Primary (1st level) Secondary (2nd level) Tertiary (3rd level) Quaternary (4th level) 51
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Levels of Protein Structure
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Primary Structure Order of amino acids joined together in polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain below is made up of amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, cysteine, etc. bonded together. 53
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Secondary Structure 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of string would look like laid flat on a table….. β-Pleated Sheet α-Helix 54
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Tertiary Structure 3D structure of polypeptide chain
Like what a coil of copper wire looks like in 3-dimensional space. 55
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Quaternary Structure Sum of all polypeptide chains joined together to form whole protein molecule. Each different color section = 1 polypeptide 56
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What foods are good sources of protein? ______________________________
Meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beans
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Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and p____________________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: _____________ and _______________
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Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: _____________ and _______________
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Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: ______DNA____ and ______RNA______
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Nucleotides Building blocks of nucleic acids 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group Nitrogenous base
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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid U_____________ genetic code
Genetic blueprint Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body.
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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Universal_______ genetic code
Genetic blueprint Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body.
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