1. Springfield Central High School John Levasseur Skeletal System animation for children Muscle system animation for children

2.  4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce both red and white blood cells.

3. What is the essential question in education? What levels of organization are we discussing in this unit? What is an organ system? What is purpose of the human organ systems? What body system deals with making more humans? The brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons are parts of what body system? What body system deals with hormones? What body system rids the body of waste products? What organ system deals with the skin? What organ system would the intestines and stomach be part of? What body system deals with defending the body against disease? What body system includes: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles ? Describe the structure of a nerve cell.

4.  The skeletal system consists of all the bones, ligaments, tendons and cartilage in the body.  There are more than 300 bones in a baby.  There are 206 bones in an adult body. Why do we have fewer bones as adults than we do as children?

5.  Support – Offer support for the body. Without the skeleton, the human body would be a clump of tissues.  Protection – The internal organs are protected by the skeleton structure. The brain and eyes are protected by the cranium. The hearts and the lungs are protected by the ribs.  Movement – The skeletal system works closely with the muscular system to provide movements.  Mineral Storage – The bone tissues stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When the body requires minerals, the bone releases the minerals into the blood, facilitating the balance of minerals in the body.  Production of Blood Cells – The bone marrow found within larger bones produces blood cells. What are the key functions of the skeletal system?

6.  Bones contain many layers. The outer surface of the bone called the periosteum made of dense thin membrane that contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish the bone.  The next layer made of compact bones is very hard but smooth, the part you see when you look at the skeleton.  Within the compact bone is the cancellous or spongy bone. The spongy bone is lighter and more flexible.  Within the spongy bone is the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the site of new cell production. Bone image Bone Growth Animation Animation

7.  Long Bones – Longer than they are wide. Often bones of the upper and lower extremities and act as levers such as humerus  Short Bones – Cubed shape and short often found in the wrists and ankles.  Flat Bones – Contains broad surfaces in which it protects the organs and is the site of muscle attachments. Examples are ribs and cranial bones.  Irregular Bones – All the bones that do not fall into the previous 3 categories. Shape, size, and surface varies. Example of an irregular bone are some facial bones. Form determines function

8.  There are usually 22 bones found in the cranium.  There are 33 bones in the spine. These include : 7 cervix (neck); 12 thorax; 5 lumbar; 5 sacral; 4 coccyx.  The thorax (chest) consists of 12 pairs of ribs: 7 pairs 'true' ribs (joined directly to the sternum ("breast-bone")); 3 pairs 'false' ribs (joined to the sternum ("breast-bone") by cartilage); 2 pairs 'floating' ribs (not connected to the sternum ("breast-bone") at all, connected to the diaphragm.  The shoulder girdle consists of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle ("collar bone"). Review this animation How many bones are in the: spine, skull, human body?

9. Common NameScientific Name skullcranium jawbonemandible collarboneclavicle shoulder bladescapula breast bonesternum funny bonehumerus spinevertebrae hipspelvis wristcarpals thigh bonefemur kneecappatella shin bonetibia ankletarsals Does Each Bone Have a Scientific Name? What scientific names for bones are you familiar with? You are responsible to learn these ones. Animation on Skeletal System

10.  Red blood cells are created through a process called erythropoiesis (erythro = RBC, and poiesis = to make).  In humans, the process of producing red blood cells is produced almost exclusively in the red bone marrow.  Primarily made of fat, the yellow bone marrow may turn into red bone marrow in response to a demand for red blood cell production.  White blood cells are also produced in the bone marrow. Animation

11.  There are three types of joints: ◦ immovable ◦ partly movable ◦ synovial.  Immovable joints, like those connecting the cranial bones, have edges that tightly interlock.  Partly movable joints allow some degree of flexibility and usually have cartilage between the bones; example: vertebrae.  Synovial joints permit the greatest degree of flexibility and have the ends of bones covered with a connective tissue filled with synovial fluid Example: hip. ◦ The outer surface of the synovial joints contains ligaments that strengthen joints and hold bones in position. The inner surface (the synovial membrane) has cells producing synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and prevents the two cartilage caps on the bones from rubbing together. ◦ Some joints also have tendons (connective tissue linking muscles to bones). ◦ Bursae are small sacs filled with synovial fluid that reduce friction in the joint. ◦ The knee joint contains 13 bursae http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/TheBones/MuscularSkele tal/MuscularSkeletal.htm

12.  Cartilages are smooth substances that acts as shock absorbers also prevent damages to the underlying bone. Often found at the end of bones.  Tendons are strong bands of fibrous connective tissues that connects muscles to bones. The muscles in your arms are connected to your arm bones by tendons.  Ligaments are similar to tendons except they connect bones to bones.

13.  Rickets – Softening or weakening of bones in children usually because of extreme or prolong deficiency of vitamin D. ◦ Vitamin D is essential in promoting absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gastrointestinal tract, which children need to build strong bones. ◦ A deficiency of vitamin D makes it difficult to maintain proper calcium and phosphorus levels in your bones. ◦ Your body senses an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus in your bloodstream and reacts by taking calcium and phosphorus from your bones to raise blood levels to where they need to be.  This softens or weakens the bone structure. How does nutrition effect bone development?  Osteoporosis (porous bones) – A disease condition affecting men but especially women. Bones weaken due to lack of calcium.  Inside the bones become porous from a loss of calcium. Over time, the bones becomes weakened and makes them more likely to break. Animation

14.  The skeletal system does not function alone.  The skeletal system works with muscles to connect the bones of the skeleton. ◦ The skeleton is made with calcified bones.  The calcified bones work with the circulatory system because the bone marrow produces blood cells. How does the skeletal system interact with other body systems?

15. Walking, running, jumping, talking, sit, blink, stand, silly faces, etc. are actions of the muscular system. The muscular system is composed of networks of tissues that controls the body’s movement. The movement of the body is possible because of the contraction (shortening) and relaxation of the muscles. The human body is composed of over 600 muscles almost all of them are attached directly to the skeletal system. Muscles make up 35- 40% of the body weight. Muscles are the machines of the body that allows it to work. What is the muscular system? See this Animation

16. Form Determine Function. What is the form and function of muscle tissue?  The muscular system is responsible for three functions: 1.Movement 2.Heat Generation 3.Postural support

17. Image of the Muscular System See these Animation Animation

18.  http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte nt/chp47/4702001.html

19.  In the body there are three different kinds of muscle,: ◦ Cardiac ◦ smooth ◦ skeletal.  Cardiac Muscle ◦ The cardiac muscle is found in the heart. heart  Smooth Muscle ◦ Smooth muscle is primarily found in the digestive system and is used in involuntary motion like peristalsis.digestive system peristalsis  Skeletal Muscle ◦ Skeletal muscle is found attached to the bones and is used to manipulate and move the body.  Muscles can be involuntary or voluntary. - Involuntary muscles are muscles that function without conscious effort. - Voluntary muscles are muscles that function with conscious effort.

20.  Involuntary – contract and relaxes automatically without you having to consciously think about it.  Function – Controls the contraction of the heart.  Cardiac muscle is only found in the walls of the heart.  When exercise is carried out, the hormone adrenaline increases the heart beats therefore increasing cardiac output (how fast the blood is pumped around your body).

21.  Involuntary - contract and relaxes automatically without you having to consciously think about it.  Function – Controls the movements of internal organs.  Given the name smooth muscle because when smooth muscle is placed under a microscope there are no visible striation seen along the tissue.  Smooth muscles are found in the intestines, the iris of the eye, the salivary glands.  When there are food in the mouth, the smooth muscles of the salivary gland are squeezed by the smooth muscles to squirt saliva into your mouth.  In the intestines, the smooth muscles work in pairs to move the food along the guts and help mix food with digestive juices.  The upper left shows smooth muscle of the intestine.

22.  Voluntary – Contract and relaxes with you consciously controlling the movements.  Function – Work in pairs to move bones, when one contracts the other relaxes.  Strong bands of tissue known as tendons attaches skeletal muscles to the bones. Achilles tendon is like a rope between the back of your heel and your calf muscle. The skeletal muscles must contract (shorten) in order to pull. The Achilles tendon is pulled because of the contraction of the calf muscle. The Achilles tendon is pulled which in turn pulls the hell bone allowing you to point your foot downwards, a movement that is very important for walking.  Muscles work in pairs and it does not push it only pulls. One muscle will pull a body part in one direction while the other will pull in the opposite direction.  An example of pairs of muscles at work is in your upper arm. If the lower arm is raised, it is contracting pulling the bones in the lower arm upward, the bicep muscles in the top of the arm will bulge. The triceps muscles will be soft and relaxed. If the arm is straightened then the biceps muscles should be relaxed and the triceps muscles bulge. Contracting and Relaxing of Tricep and Bicep Skeletal Muscle Animation

24. Achilles tendon is inflamed it is known as Achilles tendonitis. Achilles tendonitis usually occurs as a result of overuse injury. The frequent jumping that is carried out by basketball players, they are most susceptible to Achilles tendonitis. Any activity requiring a constant pushing off the foot, such as running or dancing, may result in swelling of the tendon. Animation

25.  The muscular system not only works with the skeletal system it works closely with the nervous system since a person usually has to think before they can move. Most of the cells in the muscular system is connected to the neurons of the nervous system.  Muscular system also works with the digestive system. Smooth muscles lines the digestive system to help move food through the intestines. The circulatory system and lymph system are also surrounded by smooth muscles. Ho w does the muscular system interact and depend on other body systems?

26.  Give some example of how the skeletal system interacts with other systems.  What are some bone diseases and how does it occur?  What is the function of the skeletal system?  Where are blood cells produced?  What is the function of cardiac muscle?  Where can cardiac muscle be found in the body system?  What is the function of the skeletal muscle?  Where can skeletal muscle be found in the body system?  What is the function of the smooth muscle?  Where can smooth muscle be found in the body system?  Give some examples of how the muscular system interacts with other systems.  What is the function of the muscular system?