1. Computer Science 516
Week 1 Lecture Notes

2. Course Overview Where does CS516 fit in your education?
ACM standard curriculum
Transfers to:
CSUN – Comp 122, 122L
CSU Channel Islands – Comp 162
U C system: UCLA, UC San Diego, UC Santa Cruz, UC Davis
UC system: UCSB, UC Irvine (with CS546)

3. Course Overview Student learning outcomes - Administrative
Understanding of computer architecture, design, tradeoffs, performance, other factors
Be able to write simple inline assembler routines within C language programs
- Administrative
See instructors web page at faculty.piercecollege.edu/murphyh

4. Some History Babylonian/Sumerian/Arabic number systems Concept of zero
Abacus – China
Western European computation begins
Blaise Pascal – mechanical calculator
Wilhelm Liebnitz – enhanced calculator
Jacqard – card cloth weaving patterns

5. English Efforts – Charles Babbage
England needs a Navy to survive
Navies and merchant fleets need to navigate
Astrolabe and sextant navigation required large tables or complex mathematics
Royal Astronomical Society awarded grant for a machine which would calculate the navigational tables
Award won by Charles Babbage

6. Charles Babbage Difference Engine automated mechanical calculator
Circa 1830s
Generally successful
Led to further efforts…

7. The Analytical Engine First programmable computer Mechanical
Never completed
Ada Augusta, Countess Lovelace
Lord Byron’s daughter
Worked with Babbage on designing computation steps
World’s first computer programmer

8. George Boole Developed “Propositional Calculus” in 1860s
Basically binary algebra
C++ bool type named for him
Proposed many binary operators
Theoretical foundation for digital electronics

9. US Computation Not much interest due to Civil War
First postwar census – 1870 – was widely critisized
Census is important, determines how many Congress members a state has
Led to automation proposals

10. Herman Hollerith MIT Professor
Developed tabulating system using cards based upon Jacquard’s system
Electro-mechanical
Used in 1880 census – generally successful
Led to wide acceptance in large companies of the era, e.g. railroads

11. Hollerith Progression
Not a businessman
Expanded into time clocks, weight scales, etc.
In 1914, hired NCR’s star salesman, Thomas J. Watson
Watson changed name to International Business Machines
Very successful in the 20th century
Ongoing antitrust problems

12. 1930s – Genesis of Computers
Atanasoff – Iowa State University
Developed first analog computer
In contentious court cases regarding who invented the computer (and should have patent rights), was declared the inventor of the computer by the US Supreme Court

13. 1940s – Wartime Progress Germany – Konrad Zuse
Destroyed in bombing raids
Poland – broke German encryption
Evacuated to France and then to UK
Worked with English mathematicians to decode German messages

14. Battle Of The Atlantic Most crucial for Great Britain
Signals intelligence and codebreaking were key to British survival
Alan Turing (see book description)
See movie: “The Imitation Game”
Numerous books on Enigma, codebreaking, Ultra, et cetera

15. Collossus – first electronic computer

16. Battle Of Midway High point of Japanese military expansion
Historic American victory
Depended upon breaking Japanese Purple code
Accomplished with IBM tab machines in Pearl Harbor
Some details still classified

17. Other US Efforts Mark I – Harvard Electromechanical computer AT&T NCR
University of Pennsylvania – EDVAC
First electronic computer?
Eckert & Mauchly

18. John Von Neumann See book for details of his life Atomic bomb research
Developed seminal model of computers with Herman Goldstine
Game theory, Mutual Assured Destruction
- Harvard vs. Princeton models
- Stack machines

19. Von Neumann Architecture

20. Postwar
Thomas J. Watson – “I think there’s a world market for about five computers”
Univac bought Eckert & Mauchly, developed Univac I
Early sales – Bureau of the Census
Everybody decided to start making computers!
Bendix, Burroughs, GE, Honeywell, NCR, Philco, RCA, Singer…can’t list them all

21. Major Computers of the 1950s
IBM RAMAC – first disk drive – 1956
IBM 650 – tab machine with a rotating drum memory
IBM 704/709 – scientific computers
IBM 7000 series, 7094 – large scientific computers
Univac 1103
Control Data 160A

22. IBM System/360 Landmark architectural change 8-bit characters
32-bit integers (also 16-bit)
16 general purpose registers
Most important: fully program compatible from smallest model to largest – no reprogramming when a larger machine was bought!

23. A Little Local History Pierce College first computer – IBM 1620
8K storage
Memory-memory design
Room 1412

24. CSUN Computers
GE-225 – introductory programming
20-bit word

25. CSUN Time Sharing GE-415 24-bit word – not compatible with GE-225
Teletype ASR33 time sharing terminals

26. CSUN Progression
CDC 3170
24-bit word
32K memory

27. Pierce Computer Science
Xerox 530
Remote Job Entry
Room 1507

28. Pierce Computer Science Advances
Prime 750
16-bit minicomputer

29. Pierce Computer Science - VAX
Digital Equipment Corporation VAX
Highly regarded design
32-bit words
2GB memory model

30. UCLA Health Sciences IBM 360 model 91 Landmark design
Instruction Pipeline

31. The 1970s Integrated circuits
Intel 4004 – first microprocessor – 4 bit
Many other competitors in the 1970s
6800, 6502, Z-80, et cetera

32. IBM PC Intel 8086 – 16-bit design
IBM used 8-bit data bus version, 8088, to reduce costs
Landmark design due to making details public, allowing many vendors to make peripherals

33. 1980s Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
Used for engineering workstations
MIPS
Sun
Silicon Graphics
Apollo (bought by HP)
IBM RS/6000
DEC Alpha
As a class, these ate into DEC’s market share
Established new market for internet servers

34. CS516 Coverage - Basic single-address computers e.g. CDC 3170
- IBM 360
- CDC 6600
- DEC VAX, Motorola 68000
- Intel 8086 and successors
- RISC (SPARC, MIPS, ARM)

35. Assembly Language Once the primary focus of this type of course
Less essential in 2000s
Less stressed in many Computer Science degree programs

36. When to use Assembly Language
Speed – when compiler cannot generate efficient code
Speed depends upon the algorithm, not just the language
Size – When compiler generated code or data is too big
Data structure design is key, not just use of assembly

37. Operating System Interface
Use assembly language when operating system interfaces are not supported by high level languages
Much rarer today!
IBM mainframe is major example
Use assembly for direct hardware interface