1. Renata G. Bushko, M.S. Director: Future of Health Technology Institute

2. Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Future of Health Technology Institute www.fhti.org © 2008, FHTI. Nanofuture 101: Chromallocytes and Diamond Mechanosynthesis April 2, 2008, Magog Canada 1 st Unither Nanomedical & Telemedical Technology Conference Renata G. Bushko Bushko@fhti.org

3. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Nanofuture 101: Chromallocyte and DMS IIntroduction: FHTI’s Mission Historic Event AAct I: Chromallocyte Concept Design Selected Components Liver Therapy In vivo AAct II: Diamond Mechanosynthesis GGrand Finale: Significance References to learn more… From: Edwards, FHT2005

4. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Future of Health Technology Institute since 1996 Brings Together Creative Minds for Annual Future of Health Technology Summit™ to: Stop disease before it even begins Stop suffering before tears occur Stop symptoms before they hurt Stop medical errors and aging before they kill Stop Cyborgs before….they control us…. Future of Health Technology Institute tries to achieve this by: Beginning to address health crisis as a national and international emergency Beginning to think about long-term global future on an on-going bases Beginning to manage randomness in technology creation & adoption process Beginning to design Intelligent and Extelligent Health Environment with Caring Machines

5. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Future of Health Technology Award Reduce suffering, save lives, extend human potential with technology © Apollo Diamond Inc. Third nanotech-made diamond eye by Apollo Diamond Inc. to see the future, wings to be inspired…

6. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. End of Aging & New Life Form Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering Computer Science Molecular Biology Chemistry Genetic Engineering Nanotechnology (Chromallocytes) Mathematics Biology Future = Life Science + Computer Science Architecture Physics Material Science

7. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. ? How can we invest a couple of Billions to save hundreds of Billions and …humanity? How to give ideas with biggest impact a chance?

8. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Historic Event Robert Freitas’ paper from June 2007 “The Ideal Gene Delivery Vector: Chromallocytes, Cell Repair Nanorobots for Chromosome Replacement Therapy” in Journal of Evolution & Technology The first theoretical scaling analysis and design for a cell repair nanorobot Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle’s paper to be published in May 2008, “A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis,” in J. Comput. Theor. Nanoscience “What is Life” Schrodinger - 1944 Prediction of aperiodic crystals of DNA, 9 years later Watson and Crick discovered aperiodic solid of DNA Dr. Freitas is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM) in Palo Alto, California

9. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Historic Event The most essential part of living cell – the chromosome fibre – may suitably be called aperiodic crystal. In physics we have dealt only with periodic crystals. […] Compared with aperiodic crystal they are plain and dull. […] Aperiodic crystal, in my opinion, is the MATERIAL CARRIER OF LIFE.” “How can the events in space and time which take place within spacial boundary of living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?” “The obvious inability of present-day physics and chemistry to account for such events is no reason at all for doubting that they can be accounted for by these sciences.” “What is Life” Schrodinger p 4-5

10. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. ACT I: Chromallocyte – Basic Concept Nanorobot capable of cellular chromosome replacement It replaces entire chromatin content of nucleus of a living cell with prefabricated defect-free chromosomes It can travel in vascular surface into the capillary bed of the targeted organ and leaves human body after completed mission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chromos ome_11.svg Made by Mysid, based on http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=11 (National Library of Medicine).Mysid http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=11 http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/may_15.html

11. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. The following 14 genes from chromosome 11: ACAT1ACAT1: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (acetoacetyl Coenzyme A thiolase) ATMATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C and D) CPT1ACPT1A: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver) DHCR7DHCR7: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase HBBHBB: hemoglobin, beta HMBSHMBS: hydroxymethylbilane VIIA PAX6 PTSPTS: 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase SAA1SAA1: serum amyloid A1 SBF2SBF2: SET binding factor 2 SMPD1SMPD1: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal (acid sphingomyelinase) TECTATECTA: tectorin alpha (nonsyndromic deafness) THTH: tyrosine hydroxylase USH1CUSH1C: Usher syndrome 1C (autosomal recessive, severe) The following 32 diseases related to genes on chromosome 11: autism (neurexin 1)autism (neurexin 1) [1][1] aniridia acute intermittent porphyria ataxia-telangiectasia beta-ketothiolase deficiency beta thalassemia bladder cancer breast cancer carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 4 Denys-Drash syndrome familial Mediterranean fever Hereditary angioedemaHereditary angioedema [[2]][2] Jacobsen syndrome Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Meckel syndrome methemoglobinemia, beta-globin type multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 Hereditary Multiple Exostoses Niemann-Pick disease nonsyndromic deafness nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal recessive porphyria Romano-Ward syndrome sickle cell anemia Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency Usher syndrome Usher syndrome type I WAGR syndrome

12. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocytes are not able to free float in the bloodstream so their diameter can be bigger than 4 microns (size limit for free floating robots) but… Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12 They are restricted to vascular surfaces so they are smaller in volume than erythrocytes (95 microns 3 red cells) or granulocytes (1000 microns 3 white cells) They are less than 1% of typical tissue cell volume and up to 25% of nucleus volume to be able to penetrate cells ACT I: Chromallocyte – Design Goal: Minimize Volume

13. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Dimensions 4.18 microns x 3.28 microns x 5.05 microns in length Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 - pgs 12

14. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Dimensions Displacement volume (mostly diamondoid) = 69.250 micron 3 Dry Mass = 80 pg; Mass with wet cargo = 103 pg Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 – pg 16

15. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. General Structure of the Chromallocyte 1. Proboscis Manipulator 2. Mobility System 3. Funnel Assembly 4. Chromatin Storage 5. Power Supply 6. Navigation/Communication 7. Computers 8. Sensors 9. Consumables 10. Structural Support Bottom view Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12

16. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Terrain Characteristics Goal: Walking on Vascular and Cell Surfaces Their cell plasma membranes are covered with a fuzzy coat of glycoprotein strands (glycocalyx*) 10-100 nm thick in human cells: 6-10 nm for red cells 30-60 nm for bladder cells 40-70 nm for lymphocytes 90 nm for cochlear hair cells 150 nm for intestinal cells *A glycocalyx, otherwise known as the "sweet husk of the cell", is a network of polysaccharides that project from cellular surfaces polysaccharides Top view of grapple with iris cover mechanism retracted Grapple footpad covered by protective cowling. Images © 2001 Forrest Bishop, used with permission.

17. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – How does it get places? Solution: 1027 Telescopic Grapple Manipulators Fully extended grapple - 250 nm Grapple work envelope Manipulators may be shortened or lengthened during each stroke Variable-area end-effectors may be used to enhance the propulsive effect © Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007

18. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Getting Places Goal: Cell and Vascular Penetration The grapples are adequate for: vascular wall penetration penetration of cell membrane penetration of nuclear membrane from: LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY - THE CELL - 1964 http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/may_15.htmlhttp://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/may_15.html.

19. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. In the case of histonatation (“tissue swimming”) and brachiation through acellular tissue spaces, “A brachiating nanorobot can pull itself along individual fibrils, changing direction at fibril junctions, indirectly working its way toward its cellular target crudely analogous to the path of a sailboat tacking into the wind.” Fibrous components are typically spaced up to 10-100 microns apart. Chromallocyte – Getting Places Accelular tissue spaces

20. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Getting Lost What if it gets lost? 1. Proboscis can be deployed to search for new handholds (e.g. fibrils) within a ~4 micron hemispherical work envelope. 2. The grapples may be operated as cilia, producing slow swimming motility in the fluid. 3. Grapples can be extended or retracted in 0.25 millisec, easily allowing execution of a 2 KHz beating motion similar to that of natural cilia. Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12

21. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte’s Working Unit - Proboscis Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12 Proboscis (4 microns) Collects old chromatin from the nucleus Has chromosome binding part Transfers new chromatin to the cell’s nucleus Needs 950 pW energy Side view

22. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocytes Onboard Computers Chromallocytes operate semi- autonomously during most of the mission but can receive various parameters from the physician via acoustic signaling 10 acoustic message receivers 10 CPU and memory units: 50 megabits - memory 0.01 micron 3 - total computer volume Front view Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12

23. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Power Supply of the Chromallocyte Non-chemical power: 10 acoustic power receivers Each power receiver has a piston throw and can receive 200 pW Patient is well-coupled to a medically- safe 1000 W/m 2 0.5 MHz ultrasound transverse-plane-wave transmitter throughout the procedure. Higher power levels may be needed in bone, bowel and lungs to overcome shadowing effects. Buffered power supply: 10 diamondoid flywheels that can store 5 sec of maximum normal power draw of 200 pW Front view Robert A. Freitas Jr., Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12

24. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy Stages 7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT) 1. Organ Survey 2. Chromallocyte Preparation 3. Patient Preparation 4. Chromosome Replacement 5. Patient Post-operative Process from: LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY - THE CELL - 1964

25. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy Description 7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT) 1. CRT of all 250 billion hepatic tissue cells 2. It might require the infusion of 1 terabot (trillion device) chromallocyte dose 3. It is 63 cm 3 Chromallocytes in 1-liter 7% saline suspension 4. Liver cells often have multiple nuclei (typically 1-3) so probably multiple visits to many cells would be needed.

26. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy Description Patient Preparation – 30 min 1. Patient is placed on the ultrasonic vibrating table with comfortable encapsulated gel interface. Goal: maximize acoustic power transmission into the body – energy for in vivo Chromallocyte activities. 2. Then patient is sedated and respirocytes injection follows Goal: Reduce pulse rate and slow blood velocity. 3. Self-guiding flexible nanocannula is installed directly into blood vessel nearest to the liver Goal: Robots inserted into body and extra fluid extracted. from: LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY - THE CELL - 1964

27. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. H Abst Tool ACT II: Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis A Minimal 9-Tooltip Toolset for PDM by R. Freitas and R. Merkle H Don Tool H Trans Tool Dimer Tool Ge Rad Tool Adam Rad Handle Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, “A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis,” J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 5(May 2008). In press.

28. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Aubrey de Grey, 3/2008 “I don't think we're all that close to the operational chromallocyte, no - but we should be able to create such things eventually, and they will certainly give us radically new alternative approaches to combating aging and other medical problems, and the chances are high that some of those alternatives will outperform the more traditional ones.” Aubrey de Grey, 3/2008 ACT III: Significance of Chromallocytes and DMS

29. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. Robert A. Freitas Jr., The Ideal Gene Delivery Vector: Chromallocytes, Cell Repair Nanorobots for Chromosome Replacement Therapy, J. Evol. Technol. 16(June 2007):1-97. http://jetpress.org/v16/freitas.pdf http://www.rfreitas.com and http://www.nanomedicine.com (where the books are)http://www.rfreitas.comhttp://www.nanomedicine.com The Nanofactory Collaboration website, which explains how nanorobots might be built: http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/Nanofactory ACT III: Chromallocytes and DMS Resources – Learn More

30. Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI) © 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved. 13 th Annual Future of Health Technology Summit™ United States & European Community Future of Health Technology Strategy will be discussed September 22-23, 2008 MIT Faculty Club, Cambridge US Bushko@fhti.org Register at: www.fhti.orgwww.fhti.org or call 508-497-2577 www.fhti.org