1. Community Development Tourism as a Sustainable Alternative Emily McIntyre

2. Agenda Introduction Sustainability and Community-based Tourism Case Study: Operation Wallacea, Indonesia Stakeholder Involvement and Participation Collaboration and Partnerships Stakeholder Activity Benefits of Community-based Tourism Obstacles to Community-based Tourism Recommendations for the Future Conclusion

3. Introduction

4. Sustainability and Community- based Tourism Empowering Communities Providing Opportunities Grassroots involvement Democracy and Holistic Planning Break free from the destructive influences of mass tourism Regard for Socio-cultural and economic conditions Treated as subjects, and not objects

5. Operation Wallacea, Indonesia Stakeholder involvement in processes Traditional knowledge and cultural variables Education in Resource management and English Radio Announcements Work with Non-profit FORKANI Environmental and Cultural preservation Initiatives to spread the income

6. Doxeys Irridex

7. Stakeholder Involvement and Participation Local Control All voices should be heard Stakeholders involved in all processes from the beginning Indigenous systems are often more sustainable (Sharpley and Telfer, 2002) Harmonized with cultural traditions Community cohesion and cooperation

8. Collaboration and Partnerships Lack of coordination in developing countries Collaborative effort is necessary for success in developing tourism Private, Public and Government Agencies Cross-border Cooperation Co-management as a solution to share resources (Plummer and Fitzgibbon, 2004) Collaboration under Sustainable Development Debate: How may partnerships be a benficial? A barrier?

9. Partnerships (Bramwell and Lane, 2000) Benefits -Range of stakeholders involved for change and improvements -Democracy -Social acceptance -Coordination of policies - Importance of non- economic issues -Pooling of resources -Non-tourism activities may be encouraged Barriers -Limited tradition of stakeholders participating in policy making -Difficult for equal representation -Healthy conflict may be stifled -Collaborative efforts may be under-resourced -May block innovation -Costly & time consuming

10. Benefits of Community-based Tourism Higher degree of local participation Community-friendly destinations Infrastructure development Local products and labour Raises community-awareness Economic benefits

11. Obstacles to Community-based Tourism Traditional views of Power concentration Political power or coercion Role of Women Inadequate local expertise in tourism A sense of inadequacy Economic Issues

12. Recommendations for the Future

13. Conclusion Community-based tourism provides a more sustainable alternative than mass tourism Role of Community leaders Continual monitoring and management Potential for Political, Social, Economic and Psychological empowerment Acheives sustainability, harmony and cultural integrity

14. Questions How may partnerships be a barrier to these communities?

15. References Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. (2000). Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships: Politics, Practice and Sustainability. Great Britain: Biddles Ltd. Jamal, T. and Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and Community Tourism Planning. Annals of Tourism Research 22 (1), 186-204. Plummer, R. and Fitzgibbon, J. (2004). Co-Management of Natural Resources: A Proposed Framework. Environmental Management 33 (6), 876-885. Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D. (2002). Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.