Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

1 2 Chapter 3 Tour: Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body Pages 65-68 Explain the relationship and function of cells, tissues and primary organs within the human body 1 Basic Body Systems Pages 69-88 Identify the structure, function and primary cosmetological significance, where appropriate, of 8 major body systems 2

Building Blocks of the Human Body
1 Body Systems Cells Tissues Organs Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology

How many bones compose the physical foundation of the human body?
Building Blocks of the Human Body How many bones compose the physical foundation of the human body? 206 300 or Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

206 bones of different shapes and sizes compose the adult skeleton; but did you know that as a newborn, your skeleton was composed of 300 bones? For example, a newborn’s skull has eight separate bone segments, while an adult’s skull is composed of only four. As an adult, bones have joined together leaving you with only 206 bones. Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

P H B H I S T O L O G Y O I S D S I Y G R O S S A N A T O M Y S U N L
7 P 8 H B 1 5 H I S T O L O G Y O I S D S I Y 2 6 G R O S S A N A T O M Y S U N L Y 4 E A O R G A N S 3 C E L L S T G T O Y E After the definition scrolls across the bottom of the screen, click on the corresponding number. M M Y S 4. Separate body structures that perform specific functions 2. Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye 1. Study of structures too small to be seen except through a microscope 5. Groups of cells of the same kind 3. The basic units of living matter 7. Study of the functions organs and systems perform 8. A group of body structures and/or organs that, together, perform one or more vital functions for the body 6. Study of the organs and systems of the body

Anatomy study of organs and systems of the body 2 Types of Anatomy Gross Microscopic can be seen with the naked eye studies structures too small to see without aid of a microscope, also called histology Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Physiology study of the functions the organs and systems perform Lungs Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Cells Cells the basic units of living matter (life)
Composed of gel-like substance called protoplasm containing: water salt nutrients obtained from food Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Cells A cell contains 3 basic parts:
Nucleus control center of cell activities Cytoplasm production department of cell where cell’s activities take place Cell Membrane outer surface of cell enclosing protoplasm Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Cells 2 Phases of Metabolism
chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction 2 Phases of Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism Building up larger molecules from smaller ones Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Cells Beyond the Book The longest cells in the human body are the motor neurons. They can be up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) long and run from the lower spinal cord to the big toe.

Tissues 5 Primary Types of Tissue Groups of cells of the same kind
Epithelial – covers and protects body surface and internal organs Connective – supports, protects and holds body together Nerve – coordinates body functions; carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord Muscular – contracts to produce motion Liquid – carries food, waste products and hormones Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Very loud sounds can rip ear, lung and other vibrating tissues.
Beyond the Book Very loud sounds can rip ear, lung and other vibrating tissues. A sound wave is a pressure wave; that's why you can sometimes feel your body vibrate during loud, low sounds. When body tissues resonate with the sound's frequency, the pressure increases.

More about organs on next slide!
Separate body structures that perform specific functions Composed of 2 or more different tissues Skin is the body’s largest organ More about organs on next slide! Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Organs Brain Controls all body functions Eyes Control vision Heart
Circulates the blood Lungs Supply the blood with oxygen Stomach and Intestines Digest food Liver Removes toxic byproducts of digestion Kidneys Eliminate water and waste products Skin Forms external protective layer of body Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

The kidneys clean over 1 million gallons of blood in a lifetime.
Organs Beyond the Book The kidneys clean over 1 million gallons of blood in a lifetime.

Body Systems A system is a group of body structures and/or organs that perform functions for the body. Skeletal - provides framework of body Muscular - moves body Circulatory - circulates blood through body Nervous - sends and receives body messages Digestive - supplies food to body Excretory - eliminates waste from body Respiratory - controls breathing of body Endocrine - controls growth, general health and reproduction of body Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Body Systems Cells make up tissues systems!! and organs make up
tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems!! tissues make up organs, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems!! Cells make up tissues, Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to shrink in size.
Body Systems Beyond the Book From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to shrink in size.

Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-9, answer the following questions. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ______. Another name for histology is ______ ______. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called ______. Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called ______ ______. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ______. Cells make up ______, which make up organs Organs make up _______. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a ______. Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Know Chart As you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column. KNOW CHART 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I Know: I Need to Study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Now check your work. Observe each of the false statements become true. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________. Another name for histology is ___________ ________. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________. Cells are the basic units of living matter. anatomy microscopic anatomy physiology Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called _____ ________. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called __________. Cells make up _______, which make up organs Organs make up _______. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______. gross anatomy protoplasm tissues systems system Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

   Lessons Learned Cells Cells are the basic units of living matter
Face the Facts Cells  Cells are the basic units of living matter Metabolism is the chemical process in which cells receive nutrients Tissues are groups of the same kind of cells  Tissues  Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

  Lessons Learned Organs
Face the Facts Organs  Organs are separate body structures that perform specific functions and are composed of two or more different tissues A system is a group of body structures and/or organs that, together, perform one or more vital functions for the body Body Systems  Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

IT’S 2 U! When a spider weaves its web, every strand is connected somehow to a central starting point. Create a web connecting the central idea to the various related descriptions for Building Blocks of the Human Body. Press any key and a spider will start a web. Complete the descriptions and give an example to finish the web. Example: Body Systems… Description Organs… Cells… Tissues… Building Blocks of the Human Body Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

Answers IT’S 2 U! Brain, eyes, heart, lungs, stomach and intestines, liver, kidneys, skin Body Systems group of body structures that perform one or more vital functions for the body Organs separate body structures that perform specific functions Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine Cells basic units of living matter Tissues groups of cells of the same kind Epithelial tissue connective tissue nerve tissue muscular tissue liquid tissue Answers will vary, but here is an example of what the web could look like. Building Blocks of the Human Body Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

2 Basic Body Systems Anatomy and Physiology Excretory Respiratory
Endocrine Nervous Digestive Muscular Circulatory Skeletal Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

S T O M P E R A I M O I N N P S G D A O T R I F A C I A L N E R V E E
4 5 S T 2 O 3 M P E R A I M 1 O I N N P S G D A O 6 T R I F A C I A L N E R V E E N B C A O L O L 7 L Y M P H E R I O D S G After the definition scrolls across the bottom of the screen, click on the corresponding number. 8 M Y O L O G Y 5. Located above and in front of the ear and performs both opening and closing of the jaw and mastication 8. Study of muscles 7. Colorless liquid that travels through the lymph nodes or glands 6. Largest of the cranial nerves 4. Originates in the base of the brain and extends to the base of the spine 1. Study of bone 2. Nonmoving (fixed) portion of the muscle attached to bones or other fixed muscle 3. Forms the lower jaw and the largest bone of the facial skeleton

The Skeletal System Physical foundation of the body
Composed of 206 bones of different shapes and sizes Bones are attached to each other at movable or immovable joints A joint is the point at which two or more bones are joined together Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Osteology study of bones
The Skeletal System Osteology study of bones Bone Hardest structure in body Long bones (arms and legs) Flat bones (skull) Irregular bones (wrist, ankle, spinal column) Composed of 2/3 mineral and 1/3 organic matter Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System Functions of the Skeletal System Movement
Attachment Protection Support Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System The Skull Skeleton of the head
Encloses and protects brain and primary sensory organs Divided into 2 groups Cranium composed of 8 bones Facial skeleton composed of 14 bones 6 of the 8 cranium bones are affected by scalp massage Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System The Cranium Parietal Frontal Occipital Temporal
Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System Facial Skeleton Nasal bridge of the nose
Lacrimal inner eyesocket Lacrimal inner eyesocket Zygomatic upper cheek Zygomatic upper cheek Maxillae upper jaw Mandible lower jaw Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Cervical vertebrae 7 bones manipulated in extended scalp massage
The Skeletal System Neck Bones Cervical vertebrae 7 bones manipulated in extended scalp massage Hyoid “Adam’s apple” Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Thoracic Vertebrae spine
The Skeletal System Back, Chest and Shoulder Clavicle collar bone Scapula shoulder bone 12 Ribs Sternum chest bone Thoracic Vertebrae spine Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System Arm, Wrist and Hand Bones Humerus Radius
largest bone of upper arm Radius Metacarpals Ulna 5 long, thin bones that form the palm of the hand Carpals 8 small bones held together by ligaments to form wrist or carpus Phalanges each finger has 3 phalanges; each thumb has 2 Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

It is approximately .11 inches (.28 cm) long.
Skeleton System Beyond the Book The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes or stirrup bone located in the middle ear. It is approximately .11 inches (.28 cm) long.

study of structure, function, and diseases of muscles
The Muscular System Myology study of structure, function, and diseases of muscles Body is composed of over 500 large and small muscles Muscles compose about 40% of the body’s weight Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Functions of the Muscular System
Support of the skeleton Production of body movements Contouring of body Involvement in functions of other body systems Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System 2 types of muscle tissues:
Voluntary or Striated – respond to commands regulated by will Involuntary or non-striated – respond automatically to control various body functions Striated Non-striated Some muscles function both ways (eye muscles). Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System The cosmetologist is primarily concerned with the voluntary muscles of the head, face, neck, arms and hands Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Cardiac (heart) muscle
The Muscular System Cardiac (heart) muscle Muscle of the heart itself Only muscle of its type in the human body Rugged muscle, functions involuntarily Cardiac Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Terms used to identify location or function
Anterior – in front of Posterior – behind or in back of Superioris – located above or is larger Inferiouris – located below or is smaller Levator – lifts up Depressor – draws down or depresses Dilator – opens, enlarges or expands Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System 3 Parts of the Muscle Origin Belly Insertion
non-moving fixed portion, attached to bones or to other fixed muscle Belly midsection of muscle, between 2 attached sections Insertion portion of muscle joined to movable attachments: bones, movable muscles or skin Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System 7 ways to stimulate muscular tissue include:
Muscles produce movement through contraction (tightening) and expansion (relaxing) 7 ways to stimulate muscular tissue include: Massage Electric Current (high-frequency and faradic current) Light Rays (infrared rays and ultraviolet rays) Heat Rays (heating lamps and heating caps) Moist Heat (steamers, warm steam towels) Nerve Impulses (through nervous system) Chemicals (certain acids and salts) Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Scalp and Face Muscles
Scalp and face muscles are of primary interest to the cosmetologist as massage is performed Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the origin attachment Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Scalp Muscles Epicranius (occipito-frontalis)
Covers the epicranium (scalp) Formed by 2 muscles joined by aponeurosis tendon Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

raises eyebrows; draws scalp forward
The Muscular System Scalp Muscles Frontalis raises eyebrows; draws scalp forward Occipitalis draws scalp back Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Auricularis posterior
The Muscular System Ear Muscles Auricularis superior above the ear Auricularis posterior behind the ear Auricularis anterior in front of the ear Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

draws eyebrows in and down Levator Palpebrae Superioris
The Muscular System Eye and Nose Muscles Corrugator draws eyebrows in and down Orbicularis Oculi closes the eyelid Levator Palpebrae Superioris raises eyelid Procerus draws brow down Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Mouth Muscles Oris Orbicularis
Circles the mouth Responsible for contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips as in kissing or whistling Quadratus Labii Superioris Consists of 3 parts Located above the upper lip Raises nostrils and upper lip, as in expressing distaste Quadratus Labii Inferioris Located below lower lip Pulls lower lip down or to the side as in expressing sarcasm Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Mouth Muscles Mentalis Risorius Caninus
Located at tip of chin Pushes lower lip up and/or wrinkles chin as in expressing doubt Risorius Located at corner of mouth Draws mouth up and out as in grinning Caninus Located above corners of mouth Raises angle of mouth as in snarling Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Mouth Muscles Triangularis Zygomaticus Buccinator
Located below the corners of mouth Draws corners of mouth down as in expressing depression Zygomaticus Located outside the corners of mouth Draws mouth up and back as in laughing Consists of zygomaticus major and minor Buccinator Located between jaws and cheek Responsible for compressing cheek to release air outwardly as in blowing Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Mouth Muscles Oris Orbicularis
Quadratus Labii Superioris Quadratus labii inferioris Mentalis Risorius Canius Triangularis Zygomaticus Buccinator Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Mastication Muscles Temporalis Masseter
performs both opening and closing jaws as in chewing (mastication) Masseter aids in closing jaw as in chewing (mastication) Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

depresses lower jaw and lip as in expressing sadness
The Muscular System Neck and Upper Back Muscles Sternocleido Mastoideus causes the head to move from side to side and up and down as in nodding “yes” or “no” Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi draw head back, rotate shoulder blades and control swinging of arm Platysma depresses lower jaw and lip as in expressing sadness Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

assist in swinging the arms helps in lifting arm and in breathing
The Muscular System Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles Deltoid lifts or turns the arm Pectoralis Major and Pectoralis Minor assist in swinging the arms Serratus anterior helps in lifting arm and in breathing Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

raises forearm, bends elbow
The Muscular System Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles Tricep controls forward movement of forearm Supinator turns palm up Pronator turns palm downward and inward Bicep raises forearm, bends elbow and turns palm down Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles Extensor Flexor
straightens fingers and wrist Flexor bends wrist and closes fingers Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Hand Muscles Stretch over fingers Connect joints
Provide dexterity Abductor Muscles – Separate fingers Adductor Muscles – Draw fingers together Opponens Muscles – Located in palm; cause the thumb to move toward fingers; give ability to grasp or make a fist Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System Hand Muscles 1. Abductor 2. Adductor 3. Opponens 1
separates fingers 2 2 1 3 2. Adductor draws fingers together 1 2 3. Opponens give the ability to grasp or make a fist 1 Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Muscular System Beyond the Book
The human jaw muscles can generate a force of 200 pounds (90.8 kilograms) on the molars.

The Circulatory System
Circulatory or Vascular System – controls circulation of blood and lymph through body Massage treatments stimulate or relax circulatory system Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Cardiovascular or Blood-Vascular Responsible for circulation of blood, includes heart, arteries, veins and capillaries Lymph-Vascular Reaches parts of body not reached by blood Circulates lymph through lymph glands, nodes and vessels Lymph filters blood by removing toxins Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Heart Cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest, normally the size of a fist Contracts and relaxes to move blood Consists of 4 chambers: Upper – right and left atrium Lower – right and left ventricle 60-80 beats per minute (normal heart) Pericardium – membrane that encases the heart Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Heart Pericardium Left Atrium Auricle Right Atrium Auricle Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Blood Sticky, salty fluid Circulates to carry nourishment and oxygen to body parts Carries toxins and waste products to liver and kidneys Average adult blood supply is 8-10 pints Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Blood Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Carry oxygen and contain hemoglobin Oxygenation is when hemoglobin attracts oxygen Oxygen-poor blood is deep scarlet red Oxygen-rich blood is bright red Leucocytes (white blood cells) Increase in number when infection invades the body Fight bacteria and other foreign substances Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Blood Thrombocytes (blood platelets) Responsible for the clotting of blood Plasma Fluid part of blood Carries RBC, WBC and blood platelets through the body About 90% water Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Blood Vessels Arteries Tubular, elastic, thick-walled Branching vessels Carry blood away from heart Carry pure blood (bright red in color) Veins Tubular, elastic, thin-walled Branching vessels Carry blood from capillaries to heart Cup-like valves prevent backflow Impure blood is dark red Closer to body surface than arteries Capillaries Small vessels Take nutrients and oxygen from arteries to cells Take waste from cells to veins Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Blood Flow through the Heart Systemic or general circulation – process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart To the heart Blood enters right auricle of heart through superior vena cava Blood then pumped through tricuspid valve into right ventricle Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Blood Flow through the Heart To the lungs From right ventricle, blood is pumped into pulmonary artery, then travels through pulmonary artery to lungs Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Blood Flow through the Heart Back to the Heart Oxygenated blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein and enters left auricle Blood is then pumped to left ventricle by bicuspid valve, then through the valve into aorta To the Body Blood then flows throughout body and returns to heart via the superior vena cava Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Superficial temporal artery External maxillary artery Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck Common Carotid Arteries Supply head, face and neck Located on either side of the neck Split into internal and external carotid arteries Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck Internal Carotid Artery – supplies blood to brain, eyes and forehead External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries, supplying blood to skin and muscles of the head All blood from the head, face and neck returns through two veins, internal and external jugular veins Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries Occipital – supplies blood to back of the head, up to crown Posterior Auricular – supplies blood to scalp above and behind ears Superficial Temporal – supplies blood to sides and top of the head External Maxillary – supplies blood to lower portion of the face, including mouth and nose Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Lymph-Vascular System (Lymphatic System) Lymph Colorless liquid byproduct Nourishes parts of the body not reached by blood Travels through nodes or glands The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the cardiovascular system Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Circulatory System Beyond the Book
In one day your heart transports your blood around the body about 1,000 times.

study of nervous system
The Nervous System Neurology study of nervous system Coordinates and controls operation of the body 3 Subsystems Central or Cerebrospinal Peripheral Autonomic or Sympathetic Primary Components Brain Spinal cord Nerves Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain
The Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Composed of brain, spinal cord and spinal and cranial nerves Responsible for all voluntary body actions Brain Controls all 3 parts of nervous system Command center Weighs ounces Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System The Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Pons
Mental activity Upper front of cranium Muscle movement Occipital area below cerebrum Pons Medulla Oblongata Connects other parts of brain to spinal column; below cerebrum Front of cerebellum Connects other parts of brain to spinal column Below pons

The Nervous System The Spinal Cord Composed of long nerve fibers
Originates in base of brain and extends to base of spine Holds 31 pairs of spinal nerves Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System
Composed of sensory and motor nerves extending from brain and spinal cord to other parts of body Nerve Cells (neurons) Have nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane Long and short threadlike fibers called axons extend from nerve cells Nerve terminals located at the end of axons send messages as impulses short fibers called dendrites receive messages Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System Sensory Motor Mixed Types of Nerves Afferent
Carry messages to brain and spinal cord Sense of smell, sight, touch, hearing, taste Motor Efferent Carry messages from brain to muscles Mixed Perform both sensory and motor functions Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System The Trifacial Nerve (Fifth Cranial)
Largest of cranial nerves Transmits facial sensations to brain Controls the muscle movements of chewing Divides into three main branches: Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular The Trifacial Nerve
Main nerve branch to the top 1/3 of face Maxillary Main nerve branch to the middle 1/3 of face Divides further into zygomatic and infraorbital Mandibular Main nerve to the lower 1/3 of the face Divides further into auriculo temporal and mental Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System The Trifacial Nerve Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular
Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)
Emerges from brain at the lower part of ear Primary motor nerve of the face 6 branches are of particular importance Posterior Auricular - extends to muscles behind and below ear Temporal - extends to muscles of temple, side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid and upper cheek Zygomatic – extends to upper muscles of cheek Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)
Buccal – extends to muscles of mouth Mandibular – extends to muscles or chin and lower lip Cervical – extends to muscles on side of neck Other cervical nerves originate in spinal cord with branches to scalp and neck The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial) Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System Arm and Hand Nerves
4 primary nerves are mixed nerves Radial extends down thumb side of the arm into back of hand Median extends down mid-forearm into hand Digital extends into fingers of hand Ulnar extends down little finger side of arm into palm of the hand Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System Nerves and Massage Previously listed nerves of face, head and neck may be stimulated during facials and/or scalp massage Through massage, tight muscles can be relaxed; fatigued muscles can be soothed Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System Physically part of central nervous system
The Autonomic System (Sympathetic) Physically part of central nervous system Responsible for all involuntary body functions Operates the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, excretory, endocrine and reproductive systems Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Nervous System Beyond the Book
There are more nerve cells in the human brain then there are stars in the milky way.

The Digestive System Breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products Enzymes from salivary glands start breaking down food Food travels down pharynx and through esophagus Food is propelled into stomach by twisting and turning of esophagus (peristalsis) Food is broken down by hydrochloric acid and enzymes Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Digestive System Food passes from stomach into small intestine
Nutrients are absorbed by villi Undigested food passes into large intestine The entire digestive process takes about 9 hours Happiness and relaxation promote good digestion. Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Digestive System Beyond the Book
Food is able to reach your stomach even when you are standing upside down.

The Excretory System Eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from the body Organs of excretory system include: Skin Body’s largest organ; releases water, carbon dioxide and other waste through sweat glands Liver Neutralizes ammonia from circulatory system and converts it to urea Kidneys Receive urea from liver Nephrons filter out waste and water Excreted waste products travel through ureters and bladder, eliminated in urine Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Excretory System Beyond the Book Three of the four major metabolic wastes produced by the body are filtered from the blood by the kidneys. They are water, salts, and urea; these are the same three wastes that sweat glands filter and excrete. Sweat and urine are basically made from the same ingredients.

The Respiratory System
Primary Functions Intake of oxygen Exhalation of carbon dioxide Primary organs are lungs and diaphragm Breathing through the nose is a healthier option than breathing through the mouth Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Respiratory System
Lungs - process oxygen for absorption into the blood and release carbon dioxide. Diaphragm - expands and contracts automatically, forcing air into and out of the lungs. Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Respiratory System Beyond the Book
Seventy-eight percent of the air we breathe in is nitrogen, twenty-one percent is oxygen, one percent is argon and other waste gasses, and percent is carbon dioxide.

The Endocrine System Composed of ductless glands that regulate and control growth, reproduction and health of body The glands manufacture hormones Nutrition plays a key role in proper regulation of this system Affects hair growth, skin conditions, energy levels Signs of fatigue or changes in hair growth may signal need for medical attention Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Reproductive System
Responsible for process by which a living organism procreates others of its kind Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The Integumentary System
Composed of skin and its layers The two primary glands are Sebaceous (oil) glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

The average person has 2.6 million sweat glands in their skin!
Endocrine System Beyond the Book The average person has million sweat glands in their skin!

On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer the following questions.
Basic Body Systems Self-Check On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer the following questions. 1. Name three of the nine mouth muscles: __________________ __________________ Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

2. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.
Basic Body Systems Self-Check 2. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage. __________________ Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Basic Body Systems Self-Check
3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body? plasma leucocytes thrombocytes red blood cells Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand. __________________ Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process? pharynx stomach small intestine salivary glands Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system. ______________________ ______________________ Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs. _________________ Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

8. Name the three things that the endocrine system directly affects. _________________ Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Know Chart As you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column. KNOW CHART I Know: I Need to Study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Now check your work. 1. Name three of the nine mouth muscles: Oris orbicularis Quadratus labii superioris Quadratus labii inferioris Mentalis Risorius Caninus Triangularis Zygomaticus Buccinator Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

2. Name two of the four cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.
Basic Body Systems Self-Check 2. Name two of the four cranial bones affected by a scalp massage. Parietal Frontal Occipital Temporal Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body? plasma leucocytes thrombocytes red blood cells Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand. ____________ Ulnar (1) Radial (2) Median (3) Digital (4) Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process? pharynx stomach small intestine salivary glands Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system. Skin Kidneys Liver Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs. Lungs (1) Diaphragm (2) ________________ Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

8. Name the three things that the endocrine system directly affects. _______________ Hair Growth Skin Conditions Energy Levels Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

  Lessons Learned Skeletal System
Face the Facts Skeletal System  Composed of 206 bones, the skeletal system is the physical foundation of the body The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, provides a frame for muscles, and allows for body movement  Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

  Lessons Learned Muscular System
Face the Facts Muscular System There are more than 500 large and small muscles in the body, composing approximately 40% of the body’s weight The muscular system supports the skeleton, produces body movements, contours the body and helps other body systems function   Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

  Lessons Learned Circulatory System
Face the Facts Circulatory System  The circulatory system controls the circulation of blood and lymph through the body The circulatory system is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph glands, nodes and vessels  Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

  Lessons Learned Nervous System
Face the Facts Nervous System  Primary components of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves The study of the nervous system is called neurology  Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

  Lessons Learned Digestive System
Face the Facts The digestive system breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from the body Digestive System  Excretory System  Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

  Lessons Learned Respiratory System
Face the Facts Respiratory System The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen to be absorbed into the blood and the exhalation of carbon dioxide The endocrine system is composed of a group of specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction, and health of the body  Endocrine System  Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

IT’S 2 U! Answers ____bicep 4. ____opponens 7. ____origin
Match each picture with the correct term by placing the correct letter in the appropriate blank. A. H. F. E. D. C. B. G. I. ____bicep ____opponens ____origin ____tricep ____flexor ____striated ____pectoralis ____extensor ____non-striated B G C I D E F H A Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
On a sheet of paper numbered 1-10, answer the following questions. 1. The basic units of living matter are: cells nerves organs muscles Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

2. What is the role of epithelial tissue? contracts to produce motion carries messages to and from brain supports, protects and holds the body together covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? allowing body movement providing a frame for the body sending and receiving body messages surrounding and protecting internal organs Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

4. Which of the following phrases describes striated muscles? involuntary muscles only found in the heart respond to commands regulated by will controlled by the autonomic nervous system Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

5. Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the: belly to insertion insertion to belly origin to insertion insertion to origin Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

6. Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called: veins arteries capillaries lymph vessels Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

7. The fluid part of the blood is called: plasma hemoglobin red blood cells white blood cells Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

8. The cranial nerve responsible for transmitting facial sensations to the brain is the: ulnar facial radial trifacial Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

9. Which of the following nerve types carry messages from the brain to the muscles? trifacial afferent efferent sensory Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

10. What is the name of the system that regulates the growth, reproduction and health of the body? nervous digestive endocrine respiratory Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

Time to check the self-test
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test Time to check the self-test a. cells d. covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs c. sending and receiving body messages c. respond to commands regulated by will d. insertion to origin Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

b. arteries a. plasma d. trifacial c. efferent c. endocrine Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 3: Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body Basic Body Systems In conclusion... Knowledge of the for enhancing quality of hair, nail and skin care services the FOUNDATION + = Human Body Body Systems

Anatomy and Physiology

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