1. Linking and close reading And you thought dashes were FUN!!!!

2. THE DASH HW Bellwood had turned quickly, taken one of the gun and at once fired it at Troy. Troy fell. The distance apart of the two men was so small that the charge of the shot did not spread in the least, but passed like a bullet into his body. He uttered a long guttural sigh- there was a contraction- an extension- then his muscles relaxed, and he lay still. Show how the author’s sentence structure indicates a suddenness of the shooting and also presents the last moments of the victim realistically

3. ANSWER The author shows a suddenness of death by placing dashes between each action of death. The first dash indicates that the man has been shot, then he lets out a cry, followed by death. The dashes mark out the different actions of death. He presents death realistically by showing the stages of death. Instead of having the man fall dead, he is showing the process of death. The man would not be dead once he was shot but he would experience death.

4. WHAT IS LINKAGE? Questions that ask you about linkage want to know how sentences link together or how an idea or argument changes through a paragraph. Watch out for linking phrases in a paragraph. Questions that ask you about linkage want to know how sentences link together or how an idea or argument changes through a paragraph. Watch out for linking phrases in a paragraph. There are many different types of linking words and phrases: There are many different types of linking words and phrases:

5. Simple Pronoun Hooks These are very important linking words which stand directly for the main ideas immediately before them in a text. These are very important linking words which stand directly for the main ideas immediately before them in a text. They allow the writer to keep the original ideas while following them up with a slightly altered, expanded and contrasting idea. They allow the writer to keep the original ideas while following them up with a slightly altered, expanded and contrasting idea. These words are: this, these, those, that These words are: this, these, those, that

6. Listing, sequence and time These words are used to structure an argument and give the impression of an ordered account or argument. These include: firstly, secondly, lastly, finally, in the first place, to begin with, next, previously, subsequently

7. Cause and effect/reasons and evidence These words are used to signal to you that the writer has finished with their argument and are about to draw a conclusion. These words are used to signal to you that the writer has finished with their argument and are about to draw a conclusion. For example: so, thus, therefore, since, hence, consequently, for this reason, it follows that, as a result, to this end, for example, let us take, for instance, by way of. For example: so, thus, therefore, since, hence, consequently, for this reason, it follows that, as a result, to this end, for example, let us take, for instance, by way of.

8. Contrast or Limitation These signal changes of direction of an argument. They may also give the impression that the writer is reasonable and is respected as he can see two points of view. But, yet, although, otherwise, conversely, however, still, on the other hand, even so, in contrast, on the contrary, notwithstanding, nonetheless

9. Summary, rephrasing and concluding Often the main point of the whole section or passage will be introduced in this way. The writer hopes to gain clarity and to lend weight to his main argument by doing this. Often the main point of the whole section or passage will be introduced in this way. The writer hopes to gain clarity and to lend weight to his main argument by doing this. To summarise, in other words, it amounts to this, what I have been saying, to sue up, on the whole, indeed, briefly To summarise, in other words, it amounts to this, what I have been saying, to sue up, on the whole, indeed, briefly

10. Emphasis These links are related to those above but they have a special effect of highlighting important points in a very personal way. These links are related to those above but they have a special effect of highlighting important points in a very personal way. It is worth noting, in particular, especially, I would like to draw your attention to, it is remarkable that. It is worth noting, in particular, especially, I would like to draw your attention to, it is remarkable that.

11. To add ideas Used to introduce supporting ideas that are similar in some ways. Used to introduce supporting ideas that are similar in some ways. Moreover, furthermore, likewise, too, again, besides, also, similarly, in the same way, additionally. Moreover, furthermore, likewise, too, again, besides, also, similarly, in the same way, additionally.

12. The formula 1. I dentify two words or phrases that can act as a link, one to point backwards and one to point forwards. 2. L ink that backward point with the relevant point of the previous paragraph and the forward point with the relevant parts of the following paragraph.

13. An example The 7.15 Latin dance class is full, as was the six o’clock, as is the 8.30. In the reception area of Edinburgh Dancebase, learners, ranging from the middle-aged, fresh from work, to students, mill around waiting to dance. The 7.15 Latin dance class is full, as was the six o’clock, as is the 8.30. In the reception area of Edinburgh Dancebase, learners, ranging from the middle-aged, fresh from work, to students, mill around waiting to dance. Unlikely as it at first may seem, this is occurring across the country. Against similar winter backdrops people are queuing up to learn to dance. National inhibitions is being shed as salsa, merengue, and cumbia beats force hips to sway rhythmically and partners twist complicatedly. French ceroc classes are filling up, street dancing to hip hop is being used as an exercise class. Even ballroom dancing is enjoying something of a renaissance. Unlikely as it at first may seem, this is occurring across the country. Against similar winter backdrops people are queuing up to learn to dance. National inhibitions is being shed as salsa, merengue, and cumbia beats force hips to sway rhythmically and partners twist complicatedly. French ceroc classes are filling up, street dancing to hip hop is being used as an exercise class. Even ballroom dancing is enjoying something of a renaissance. By referring to specific word or phrases, show how the first sentence of the second paragraph performs a linking function in the line of thought. By referring to specific word or phrases, show how the first sentence of the second paragraph performs a linking function in the line of thought.

14. The million dollar question… The sentence acts as a link in the line of thought because ‘this’ links back to the idea of the dance classes in Edinburgh being full and ‘is occurring across the country’ links forward to the ideas in the second paragraph as it goes on to say that this is happening in many different places throughout the nation. The sentence acts as a link in the line of thought because ‘this’ links back to the idea of the dance classes in Edinburgh being full and ‘is occurring across the country’ links forward to the ideas in the second paragraph as it goes on to say that this is happening in many different places throughout the nation.

15. HIGHER HW The problem here is political will rather than financial capacity. The pinch will come in other resource areas, such as health spending. People over 65 consume 3 times as many prescription items as other age groups. Nearly half of those with some measure of disability are over 70. The problem here is political will rather than financial capacity. The pinch will come in other resource areas, such as health spending. People over 65 consume 3 times as many prescription items as other age groups. Nearly half of those with some measure of disability are over 70. But the resource question, meeting the material needs of the old and elderly, is only half the story. The real problem lies elsewhere- in the imagination. What are the old for? Who are they, and do traditional divisions of human life into childhood, youth, middle age and old age still fit our experience. Referring to specific words or phrases, explain how the sentence “but…story” acts as a link in the writers line of thought

16. Practice makes Perfect William Shakespeare is easily the best-known of our English writers. Virtually every man in the street can name some of his plays and his characters, and many people can also recite lines of his poetry by heart. However, despite our familiarity with his work, we know relatively little of the man himself. We do not know when or why he became an actor, we know nothing of his life in London, and almost of his personal concern Show how the third sentence acts as a link in the argument.

17. And the ANSWER is…. The phrase “our familiarity with his work” looks back at the topic of how widely known Shakespeare’s work is. “However” which starts the sentence shows a contrasting idea, that we know a lot about his work but nothing about the man himself. The phrase “our familiarity with his work” looks back at the topic of how widely known Shakespeare’s work is. “However” which starts the sentence shows a contrasting idea, that we know a lot about his work but nothing about the man himself.

18. For practice My mother was born near Gloucester, in the early 1880’s. Through her father, John Light, she had some mysterious connection with the Castle, half forgotten, but implying a blood-link somewhere. Indeed it was said that an ancestor led the murder of Edward III. But whatever the illicit grandeurs of her forebears, Mother was born to quite ordinary poverty. When she was about 13 her mother was taken ill, so she had to leave school for good. She has her five young brothers and her father to look after. Show how the first sentence in the second paragraph acts as a link in the argument.

19. WHAT…. At school Alastair had shown exceptional promise. He had excelled as a scholar, as a musician and on the games field; his popularity and talent has make him an obvious choice for head boy in his last year. His university career made a sad contrast to the years as a golden boy. A baffling lack of commitment saw him fail his first year exams, and after a nervous breakdown in his second year, he dropped out altogether. Show how the underlined sentence acts as a link.

20. Phone a Friend The underlined sentence shows that the boy went from doing well to completing failing out of school. This sentence shows that everything we learned about this boy in the first paragraph became disregarded and he became something of the complete opposite when he reached university.