1. The French Revolution 1789

3. Causes of the Revolution Absolute Monarchy – On the eve of the revolution France was an Absolute Monarchy – Most people were denied basic rights Social Inequality – Three Classes of Society called ESTATES First Estate – The Clergy Second Estate – The nobility Third Estate – Bourgeoisie (middle class), poor city workers, and rural peasants – This group was heavily taxed – Extremely discontent

4. Causes Continued Economic Injustice – The government was spending more than it made Enlightenment – 1600s – 1700s thinkers were critical of France’s government

5. Stages of the Revolution In 1789, King Louis XVI called for a body of representatives of all three classes (Estates General) to meet. National Assembly – The Third Estate, the only elected group in the Estates General, declared itself a National Assembly Seizure of the Bastille – Working class people rioted over the price of bread – Stormed the prison Bastille on July 14, 1789 – Rioting spread: Peasant began attacking the nobles

7. Moderates in Power – The frightened King agreed to allow the National Assembly to begin reforms Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – Abolished the privileges of the First & Second Estates – Adopted the Declaration

9. Limited Monarchy – Constitution of 1791 defined the role of government Set up a limited monarchy with a representative assembly Declared people had natural rights that must be protected by the gov. Put the Church under state control

10. Reaction in Europe – Many European rulers feared what was happening in France – Threatened to intervene by military force to save the French Monarchy – France declared war on Austria, Prussia and Great Britain in 1792

11. Radical in Power – 1792 Radical took power from the King – Declared France a Republic (No King) – 1793 the King was executed for treason

13. Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre – Radical leader during the Reign of Terror – Wrote: “It is necessary to annihilate enemies” Georges-Jacques Danton – Radical leader with Robespierre Tens of thousands of people were executed 1794 Danton declared the Reign of Terror had met its goal Robespierre had Danton & his followers executed Robespierre was finally arrested and executed in 1794

14. Moderates Return – 1795 a Five-man “Directory” supported by a legislature took power They were weak and inefficient Riots broke out over the price of bread A new leader stepped in to take control

16. Napoleon Bonaparte – 1799 overthrew the Directory – Organized new government with himself in charge – 1802 declared himself “Emperor of the French” – France was again under absolute rule Napoleon’s Empire – Conquered much of Europe – Replaced monarchs with his friends

17. Napoleon’s Fall – Inspired nationalism across Europe to revolt against France – Most of Napoleon’s army was lost in attempted invasion of Russia Scorched Earth Russian winter – Napoleon stepped down in 1814 but returned in 1815 – He was finally defeated by the alliance of Great Britain and Prussia – He lived the rest of his life in exile

18. Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 The meetings were dominated by the powers of Europe: Great Britain, Prussia, Russia & Austria Peter Metternich of Austria helped establish a Balance of Power. The map of Europe changed Louis XVIII becomes King of France

20. Workbook Pages 174 to 179 What were the causes of the French Revolution? What is the significance of the French Revolution?

21. Absolute Monarchy Limited Monarchy Republic – Reign of Terror (Radicals) – Moderates take over Create a 5 man directory – Riots b/c they were ineffective Emperor Republic Limited Monarchy

22. Latin American Independence Toussaint L’Ouverture – Led a rebellion to liberate Haiti from French rule José de San Martin – Liberated Argentina & Chile from Spain Simon Bolivar – Liberated Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia from Spanish rule Miguel Hidalgo – Began a failed rebellion in Mexico in 1810 (would gain independence in 1821)

23. The Industrial Revolution

24. Followed the Agricultural Revolution Began in Great Britain – Factors of Production Land Coal Iron Ore Rivers – Provided transportation – Water Power Harbors – Encouraged trade

25. The Textile Industry – Weaving of Cloth Automatic machinery was used – Reason: Demand could not be met by hand.

26. Steam Engines, Iron & Steel – Early machines were driven by water Although effective it had problems – Had to be near water – Often this was not near the raw materials – Water varied from season to season

28. – The Steam Engine was invented Early machines exploded – Problem: Iron could not stand the high pressure Henry Bessemer – Developed an cheaper way to make steel – Called Bessemer Process

29. – Communication Samuel Morse – Morse Code

31. – The Factory System Machines made job easier Woman & Children could now work the same jobs

34. – The Middle Class Managers who kept the industries running emerged during this time – Capitalism A system where individuals or corporations control the means of production. – Corporations Business Groups where people can buy stock in the company Made it easier to raise money Shared Profits & Risks

35. Effects of the Industrial Revolution – Laissez Fair Economics Business allowed to operate without government regulation – Rise of Big Business To acquire money business owners sold stock or shares in their companies – New Class Structure Upper Class – very rich industrialists Upper Middle Class – business professionals, doctors lawyers Lower Middle Class Poor – factory workers & peasants

36. – Urbanization Move from small villages to big cities. – Working Conditions Factory work hours were long Child labor Many machines were dangerous – Improved Transportation Roads & Canals Steam Locomotive – RR Steam Engines powered ships

37. Competing Philosophies – Laissez Fair Capitalism – Social Darwinism – the rich are naturally selected – Social Reformism – belief that government should intervene to improve people’s lives – Socialism – concentrated on the interest of society. Believed capitalism had created to big a gap between rich & poor. Utopian Socialists – Belief that there should be no ownership of property – Everything is equally shared & worked.

38. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

39. Marxist Socialism – Karl Marx promoted a more radical theory. Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto & explained: » History was a class struggle b/n capitalists & the working class (proletariat) » Capitalists took advantage of the proletariat to make profit. » The proletariat would eventually rise up & revolt. » The proletariat would take control of the means of production in a classless communist society. The difference b/n Communism & Capitalism, is who controls the means of production – Capitalism – individuals control it – Communism – the government controls it.