2. Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700

3. New England Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Connecticut

4. New England 1.good harbors 2.small farms and towns 3.trade centered around harbors 4.hilly, forested and shallow soil 5.cities: Boston 15,000 – 1750 6.fishing, lumber and trapping 7.Family, religion and community Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Connecticut

6. Contrast with Virginia: Different environment & key role of religion for Puritans Contrast with Virginia: Different environment & key role of religion for Puritans Congregationalists/Puritans & Separatists Congregationalists/Puritans & Separatists Pilgrims founded Plymouth (1620) Pilgrims founded Plymouth (1620) Separatists! Separatists! –Fled Religious and Political Persecution

8.  Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay Colony  Communities well organized  Established towns  Protestant Work Ethic  Family values

9. John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Middle class settlers, educated and organized Successful as fur traders, fishermen and shipbuilders Ruled as “Bible Commonwealth” or theocracy New England Way = Puritan covenant with God To establish holy society----”city upon a hill”

10. Building the Bay Colony (4 th ) Franchise (right to vote) extended to “freemen” – adult Puritan men of Congregational church (about 40% of men in the colony ~ higher percentage than in England) Franchise (right to vote) extended to “freemen” – adult Puritan men of Congregational church (about 40% of men in the colony ~ higher percentage than in England) However, in town government, all property- owning males could vote in town meetings However, in town government, all property- owning males could vote in town meetings –Direct democracy----self government Since idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influential Since idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influential

11. Building the Bay Colony Clergy were barred from formal political office – early “church/state separation” Clergy were barred from formal political office – early “church/state separation” Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hell Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hell

12. Puritans were Calvinists  God was all powerful and all-good.  Humans were totally depraved.  Predestination:  Predestination: God was all-knowing and knew beforehand who was going to heaven or hell.  " elect" were chosen by God to have eternal salvation  "Good works“ did not determine salvation (like Catholic Church)  One could not act immoral since no one knew their status before God.  A conversion experience (personal experience with God) was seen to be a sign from God that one had been chosen. -- "visible saints"

13. "visible saints "sanctified“  After conversion, people expected "visible saints ” to lead "sanctified“ lives as a model for the community.  Puritans insisted they, as God's elect elect, had the duty to direct national affairs according to God's will as revealed in the Bible. Purpose of government was to enforce God's laws. This was called a Theocracy.  This union of church and state to form a holy commonwealth gave Puritanism direct and exclusive control over most colonial activity. Commercial and political changes forced them to relinquish it at the end of the 17th century.

14. John Winthrop: Governor of Mass. Bay Colony 1.Covenant Theology: Winthrop believed Puritans had a covenant with God to lead new religious experiment in New World: "We shall build a city upon a hill" 2.His leadership helped the colony to succeed. Religion and politics: "Massachusetts Bible Commonwealth“ 3.Governing open to all free adult males (2/5 of population) belonging to Puritan congregations; Percentage of eligible officeholders was more than in England. 4.Eventually, Puritan churches grew collectively into the Congregational Church

15. 1.Non-religious men and all women could not vote 2.Townhall meetings emerged as a staple of democracy 3.Town governments allowed all male property holders and at times other residents to vote and publicly discuss issues. Majority-rule show of hands. 3.Provincial gov't under Governor Winthrop was not a democracy "visible saints" 4.Only Puritans -- the "visible saints" -- could be freemen; only freemen could vote 5.Hated democracy and distrusted non-Puritan common people. 6.Congregational church was "established": Non-church members as well as believers required to pay taxes for the gov't-supported church.

16. Contributions to American character  Democracy (within church) via town meetings and voting rights to church members (starting in 1631)  Townhall meetings, democracy in its purest form.  Villagers met to elect their officials and attend civic issues Perfectionism:  Puritans sought to create a utopia based on God's laws  Argued against slavery on moral grounds  Ideas lay foundation for later reform movements : abolition of slavery, women's rights, education, prohibition, prison reform, etc.  Protestant work ethic : those who were faithful and worked hard and succeeded were seen favorably by God.  Education and community.

17. Trouble in Bible Colony (Puritan Rebels) Social harmony when only Puritans, but that didn’t last Social harmony when only Puritans, but that didn’t last Quakers: fines, floggings, banishments, executions Quakers: fines, floggings, banishments, executions Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t need to obey (“antinomianism” the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t need to obey (“antinomianism” the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) –Banished from Mass. Bay –Travels to Rhode Island with her children and helps organize this settlement

18. Trouble in Bible Colony (Puritan Rebels) Roger Williams: extreme Separatist, denied right of civil government to govern religious behavior, challenged charter for illegally taking land from Indians Roger Williams: extreme Separatist, denied right of civil government to govern religious behavior, challenged charter for illegally taking land from Indians Avoided exile to England by fleeing to Rhode Island where in 1636, aided by Indians, he started a colony in the Providence area Avoided exile to England by fleeing to Rhode Island where in 1636, aided by Indians, he started a colony in the Providence area Started the first Baptist church Started the first Baptist church Allowed complete freedom of religion Allowed complete freedom of religion Roger Williams

19. The decline of Puritanism  First generation Puritans began losing their religious zeal as time went on.  Puritan population moved out of town away from control of church.  Too much religious intoleration  Children of non-converted members could not be baptized.  "Half-Way Covenant",1662: sought to attract more members by giving partial membership. Members grandchildren could now be baptized.  Eventually, Puritan churches baptized anyone and distinction between the "elect" and other members of society subsided.  Salem Witch Trials, 1692 -- The decline of Puritan clergy

20. New England Spreads Out 1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas Hooker 1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas Hooker 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic government 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic government 1641: New Hampshire taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colony 1641: New Hampshire taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colony 1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, king arbitrarily separates it, becomes royal colony 1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, king arbitrarily separates it, becomes royal colony

21. Massachusetts 1621—Pilgrims Plymouth Colony 1630---Puritans Mass. Bay Colony William Bradford Pilgrims John Winthrop Puritans Plymouth merges with Mass. 1691 Religious freedom, avoid religious persecution, to start a “city upon a hill”, and to begin a new life. Mayflower Compact Theocracy General Court Royal Colony Rhode Island 1644 Formed from Mass. Roger Williams Exiled from Mass. Anne Hutchison Exiled from Mass. Dissatisfied with Mass. Bay Colony Religious freedom Consent of the governed Self-governing colony Connecticut 1662 Formed from Mass. Rev. Thomas Hooker Religious freedom, exploring the frontier and settling new areas. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Self-governing colony New Hampshire 1679 Formed from Mass. John Mason Sir Ferdinando Gorges Part of Mass. Bay Colony and set up for greater opportunity in frontier---trade goods, fur, fishing & lumber industry Royal Colony Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/Owner Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/Owner

22. Middle Colonies New York Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware

23. Middle Colonies 1.River systems 2.Valleys – fertile soil 3.."bread basket" large farms - surplus food 4.diverse population 5.manufacturing 6.iron mines, glass, shipyards, and paper 7.Cities: New York and Philadelphia New York Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware Middle Colonies

24. America, a “melting pot”

25. New Netherland In1609--Dutch New York—1664 England Henry Hudson for Netherlands Duke of York of England names it New York English fleet takes New Amsterdam from Dutch in 1664 and becomes New York City---Good harbor for trade New Netherlands was an autocracy 1689---English Bill of Rights Representative Govt Royal Colony New Jersey---1702 Indian land---Dutch and Swedish gift from King Charles II to brother James--- gives to his friends Lord John Berkeley & Sir George Carteret Attract new settlers for Dutch and Swedish colonists Royal Colony Pennsylvania—1681 Delaware--1682 William Penn Swedes Penn founded for religious freedom for the Quakers---Holy Experiment—invited all people Representative govt Royal Colony Maryland--1634Lord Baltimore Religious toleration— those who believed in Christ---allowed persecuted Catholics to settle in Maryland Representative govt Proprietary Colony Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/Owner Chart 13a

26. New Netherland (New York) 1609: Henry Hudson sailing for Dutch East India Company sails into Hudson River looking for passage through continent ~ claims area for Dutch 1609: Henry Hudson sailing for Dutch East India Company sails into Hudson River looking for passage through continent ~ claims area for Dutch 1623-24: Dutch West India Company establishes New Netherland 1623-24: Dutch West India Company establishes New Netherland Goal: quick-profit fur trade; commercial trade Goal: quick-profit fur trade; commercial trade “Bought” Manhattan Island from Indians “Bought” Manhattan Island from Indians Company town: no religious tolerance or free speech, harsh governors Company town: no religious tolerance or free speech, harsh governors

27. New Netherlands & New Sweden

28. Urban Population Growth 1650 - 1775

29. New Netherland Colony had aristocratic influence (a member of a ruling class or of the nobility) with large feudal estates (“patroonships” – one was larger than Rhode Island) Colony had aristocratic influence (a member of a ruling class or of the nobility) with large feudal estates (“patroonships” – one was larger than Rhode Island) Very diverse population: in 1640s missionary observed 18 languages Very diverse population: in 1640s missionary observed 18 languages

30. New York Manors & Land Grants Patroonships similar to the fedual system

31. New York Harbor, 1639

32. New Amsterdam

33. Dutch Conflicts Dutch cruelties to Indians brought retaliatory massacres Dutch cruelties to Indians brought retaliatory massacres – Dutch built wall (Wall Street) around New Amsterdam (peg leg Peter Stuyvesant.) Connecticut rejected Dutch settlers Connecticut rejected Dutch settlers

34. Dutch in New York English immigration to New Netherland resulted in 1/2 total population - English regarded Dutch as intruders English immigration to New Netherland resulted in 1/2 total population - English regarded Dutch as intruders Charles II will take the land from Dutch & will later give it to his brother James (Duke of York) Charles II will take the land from Dutch & will later give it to his brother James (Duke of York) English squadron comes, New Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, Gov. of New York had no defense; surrendered, renamed New York English squadron comes, New Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, Gov. of New York had no defense; surrendered, renamed New York An Angry Peter Stuyvesant Duke of York

35. New Jersey James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the section of New York located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1664 James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the section of New York located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1664 –He felt the territory of New York was too large to administer Both proprietors allowed religious freedom and an assembly in addition to giving generous land offers to attract settlers Both proprietors allowed religious freedom and an assembly in addition to giving generous land offers to attract settlers Lord John Berkeley

36. Mid-1600s: religious dissenters named Quakers arose in England Mid-1600s: religious dissenters named Quakers arose in England Hated by authorities because: Hated by authorities because: – they refused to pay taxes to Church of England, – refused to take oaths, – refused military service

37.  Penn governs the colony, unusual for a proprietor  Advertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms  Frame of Government (guaranteed elected assembly), Charter of Liberties (freedom of worship, open immigration), fair treatment of Native Americans  Penn’s family owed a large debt from the British Crown. Given a land grant in 1681. Pennsylvania

38. Royal Land Grant to Penn

39. Penn & Native Americans

40. Penn’s Treaty with the Native Americans

41. That an example may be set up to the nations as... a holy experiment. William Penn All men have a natural and infeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishment or modes of worship. - William Penn, Declaration of Rights Penn, more than any other individual founder or colonist, proved to be the chosen vessel through which the stream of demand for respect for individual rights was to flow so richly into our American reservoir of precious ideals.

42. Pennsylvania & Neighbors Penn bought land from Indians ~ treatment of them so fair that Quakers went to them unarmed and even employed Indians as babysitters Penn bought land from Indians ~ treatment of them so fair that Quakers went to them unarmed and even employed Indians as babysitters However, as non-Quaker immigrants came, they were less tolerant of Indians (Scots- Irish)  However, as non-Quaker immigrants came, they were less tolerant of Indians (Scots- Irish)  Liberal features: elected assembly, no tax- supported church, freedom of worship, only 2 capital crimes Liberal features: elected assembly, no tax- supported church, freedom of worship, only 2 capital crimes

43. Delaware Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly Governor was the same as Pennsylvania’s until the American Revolution Governor was the same as Pennsylvania’s until the American Revolution William Penn

46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 8 13 14 New England Middle Southern

47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 1112 8 13 14

48. Pilgrims and Puritans (City Upon a Hill) Separatists: arrived at Plymouth in 1620 Fled religious/political persecution Mayflower Compact: influenced democracy Puritans---1630, settled Massachusetts Bay Colony DissentersDissenters: Fled religious & economic persecution Great Puritan Migration ----1629 to 1640 Communities well organized Established towns Protestant Work Ethic Family values notes3

50. Charles II was the son of Charles I. He was a "Merry Monarch," a very popular king. Charles II encouraged religious toleration. “Restoration Colonies”The “Restoration Colonies” were settled during his reign. New York taken from the Dutch. Charles II Charles II (1660 - 1685)

51. James II was the son of Charles I. Because his father had been killed, he hates the masses & Parliament. Catholic Proprietor of NY Creates the Dominion of New England People rise up against him in England & America Glorious Revolution 1688 James II James II (1685- 1688(deposed))

52. Goal: Bring colonies under England’s rule Defend colonies from French & Indians Stop colonial smuggling Sir Edmund Andros, King’s Representative restricted colonies: Town meetings, the press, & schools Revoked land titles Taxed without consent of the governed Collapses after Glorious Revolution Forced by King James II All NE Colonies, NJ & NY

53. James II was Charles' son, a Catholic. He had two Protestant daughters, Mary & Anne and a Catholic son. Parliament didn't want his son taking over, so they gave the crown to Mary and her husband, William III of Orange. James II James II (1685 - 1688)

54. "Glorious Revolution."This was known as the "Glorious Revolution." (Revolution because they overthrew the last Catholic monarch, Glorious because no one died.) Parliament put more restrictions on the monarch. The king couldn't make or suspend laws, have an army during peacetime, and the king couldn't interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament. English Bill of Rights 1689

55. Rebellions in America during Glorious Revolution: Leisler’s = NY = new rich win Coode’s = MD = Catholics lose

56. Massasoit’s son, Metacom (King Phillip) formed Indian alliance – attacked throughout New England, especially frontier, in revenge for Pequots War English towns were attacked and burned - unknown numbers of Indians died 1676: War ended, Metacom executed, lasting defeat for Indians

57. 1692 Salem Witch Trials Young girls had “seizures” & accused others of doing it to them through witchcraft. Why did this happen? –No one knows –Factors: eco tension b-w classes, Indian attacks, rural vs. urban, independent women Result: –19 people hanged, pressed or stoned to death in Salem (more jailed) –Increase Mather, Congregationalist minister, asked for leniency –Spectral evidence (not provable (dreams)) used –Girls started accusing important people in town. –Witchcraft stopped being a capital offensive after this