1. Ergogenic Aids

2. Ergogenic Aids
Any substance, man made or natural, that will artificially enhance performance by increasing strength, endurance, etc
Who uses ergogenic aids?
Placebo effects?
Ethical issues?

3. Anabolic Steroids Schedule III of Controlled Substances Act
Usage began in the 1940’s
Synthetic substance developed in 1953
IOC banned steroids in late 1960’s
IOC instituted testing at 1976 Summer Olympics
21 FB players banned from bowl games in 1987
Recent increase in usage

4. Effects of Anabolic Steroids
Mimics Testosterone
Androgenic Effects
male sex characteristics
want to limit these effects
Anabolic Effects
increase protein & creatine phosphate synthesis
increase muscle mass
increase aggressiveness
**increase oxygen carrying capacity - not proven

5. Anabolic Steroids - Sources
Prescription
anemia, replacement therapy, increase appetite, abnormal protein synthesis
NORMAL dose = 5-10 mg/day
Veterinarian
Black Market

6. Anabolic Steroids - Administration
Oral – Dianabol, Android, Anadrol, Oxandrin
EXCESSIVE dose = >25-50 mg/day (200 mg/day)
Injection – Deca-Durabolin, DEPO-Testosterone
EXCESSIVE dose = > mg/week
Programs
stacking - use of oral & injectable
pyramiding then usage
cycling - on/off (6-12 wks)

7. Anabolic Steroids - Adverse Effects
Psychological
“roid rage”
mood swings, depression, euphoria
mania, recklessness
Physical
liver toxicity
muscle cramps
acne
balding, increase hair on body
water retention
heart abnormalities
premature closure of epiphyseal growth plates
alters fat metabolism
women - masculine

8. Anabolic Steroids – More Adverse Effects
increase blood pressure
increase cholesterol
increase risk of HA
increase risk of liver cancer
body stops producing testosterone
tendon injuries
illness due to contaminated needles
increase in number of injuries?

9. Drug Testing Urine test Test 1 hr. after announcing test
Masking agents – Benemid, Corticosteroids, DHEA, other substances
T/E Ratio
also measure concentration of testosterone and specific gravity

10. DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
Natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands
converted to testosterone – anabolic effects
Medicinal uses – heart disease, obesity, diabetes, amount in body decreases w/age
Masking agent – normalizes T/E ratio
Available as a supplement

11. Androstenedione Natural substance – produced in adrenal glands
Nutritional supplement
Anabolic effects, increase energy, enhance recovery

12. Human Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)
Hormone secreted from pituitary gland
Effects
stimulate protein synthesis
stimulate growth
increase muscle mass
increase strength of muscles, tendons, etc

13. Human Growth Hormone Adverse effects Alternative to steroids
acromegaly - large hands & feet
abnormal shaped head
increase size of heart, liver, kidneys
increase cholesterol
Alternative to steroids
cheaper
harder to detect

14. Beta Blockers (Beta1 antagonists)
Decrease activity in sympathetic N.S.
Medical uses - hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias
Reasons for abuse by athletes
cardiac palpitations, decrease HR
muscle tremors
hyperventilation
anxiety, nervousness

15. Blood Doping Purpose - increase number of RBC to O2 carrying capacity
Technique
remove blood 5-6 wks. before event
freeze RBC
infuse RBC several days before event

16. Blood Doping Adverse effects Risks **Difficult to detect
difficult to train
increase viscosity of blood
Risks
risk of blood clots, HA or stroke
infection
hepatitis
**Difficult to detect
Eryrthropoietin(EPO) – human hormone

17. Nutritional Supplements
Pharmaceutical vs. Nutraceutical
vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, metabolite, extract
1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) – allowed manufacturers to distribute products w/o a prescription and outside FDA jurisdiction.
can only make general health statements

18. Creatine Effects Adverse effects
increase rate of creatine resynthesis during ex.
recycles ATP
prolongs onset of fatigue - decrease lactic acid accumulation
increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass
Adverse effects
cramping, muscle strains
kidney problems; long term effects unknown
weight gain

19. Chromium Effects regulates carbohydrate supply
assists insulin - increase transport of glucose
increase energy
increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass
decrease body fat????
Is a trace element
Be aware of liver toxicity
Is not banned by IOC or NCAA

20. Bicarbonate Ingestion
Counteracts buildup of lactic acid in anaerobic events
Dosage needed >300 mg/kg (>35 tablets)
Adverse effects – diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance
Is not banned

21. Nutritional Supplements
Pyruvate - decrease body fat ?????
Ephedrine (Ma Huang) – increase weight loss; many side effects
Guarana
Green Tea Leaf Extract
Willow Bark
L-Carnitine – burn fat faster

22. Nutritional Supplements
Ginseng –increase power; affects energy systems; often combined w/ ephedrine
L-Glutamine – increase function of immune system
HMB – increase muscle mass; decrease fat