1. ISSUES OF MINORITY SECURITY IN INDIA: A Theoretical Frame for Analysis Ausaf Ahmad India International Centre New Delhi January 19, 2008

2. Facts of Indian Social life The frequency, Scale, and intensity of communal rioting have been increasing over time. Communalization of Indian society. Communal divide of Indian Cities, Allahabad, Ahmadabad, Mumbai, Delhi: Muslim Ghettos against Modern Urban India.

3. Facts of Indian Social life II Muslim Ghettos are deprived of sanitation, good roads, transportation, education, health facilities. The Civic authorities neglect Muslim Areas Evidence: Sachchar Committee Report.

4. Communal Rioting in India DecadeTotal NumberAverage per decade 1960-69209320.93 1970-79269126.91 1998-2003 (Five Years only) 292058.4

5. How do we Explain? Marshallian Cross: Two opposite social forces shall find a stable equilibrium. Cumulative Causation: Social forces do not cancel each other to find an equilibrium. Most of the times, they reinforce each other. Thus they are both cause and effect.

6. Cumulative Causation Majority aggressiveness, Minority Consciousness and Minority Separatism are related with each other in a causative and cumulative manner. Cumulative Causation may be noticed in the fields of Minority Education, Employment, Levels of living and Ghettoisation.

7. Social Relations and Minorities Fear Psychosis Majority Aggressiv eness Minority Consciousness Separatism and Alienation

8. Forms of Majority Aggressiveness Suppression of Minority languages e.g. Urdu Recurrence of Communal Riots Discrimination in Employment Threats of Indianization Allegations of Extra national loyalties

9. Effects of Aggressiveness Minority Consciousness Aloofness, Separatism and Alienation Minority Ghettos Promotion of Minority culture Withdrawal from the system- political, social and economic.

10. What is to be done? Positive Action should be aimed at breaking the circular causation. A reassuring and enabling environment – free from Xenophobia, mistrust and hostility, shall facilitate and strengthen involvement of Minorities in national affairs and Channel their capabilities and energies in socially productive Directions. Shall we able to do it?