1. Ch.19, section 2 Image from: http://evans.amedd.army.mil/lab/micro.htm

3. A nonliving particle that needs a host cell to survive Images from: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1024; http://www.digitalhen.co.uk/news/health-14328300; http://www.ght.org.uk/news/category/non-progressors Bacteriophage Hepatitis HIV

4. Made of 2 important things: 1. Contains either DNA or RNA 2. surrounded by a protein coat known as a CAPSID Video clip 1 + 2

5. 1. Lytic Cycle --virus IMMEDIATELY makes more viruses and destroys the host cell

6. 2. Lysogenic cycle --These viruses can hide in host until signaled to replicate Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html

7. Lytic Cycle viruses Lysogenic Cycle viruses Video clip 3 Thus, Not all viruses replicate immediately.

8. Images from: http://bacvirpara.blogspot.com/2011/07/varicella-zoster-virus-chicken-pox.html http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/ http://www.doctortipster.com/6952-dutch-researcher-created-a- super-influenza-virus-with-the-potential-to-kill-millions.html; Chicken poxInfluenza Rabies

9. 1. Bacteriophage a VIRUS that attacks bacteria Have a protein "tail" attached that is used to infect the host bacteria. Click on image

10. 2. Tobacco Mosaic Virus = example of a plant virus Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html

11. 3. Ebola = example of an animal virus Image from: http://giantelectric.blogspot.com/2011/10/5-of-most-horrifying-things-ive-ever.html; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/the-hot-zone-id-0385479565.aspx

12. 4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) This virus can lead to AIDS Is an example of a retrovirus  Contains RNA and reverse transcriptase Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/hivvirus.html; http://scienceline.org/2007/07/scientists-moser-hiv-epidemiologist/ Video clip HIV and AIDS

13. 5. Influenza Virus RNA containing virus Mutates rapidly Image from: http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/; http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/influenzavirus.html; Video clip 4 + 5 Click on image Magnification: approximately x70,000

14. Viral infections usually involve several parts of the body Examples: Cold and flu Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/

15. Antibiotics CANNOT KILL viruses Instead, VACCINES are used to PREVENT viruses. o Vaccine= A dead or weakened version of a virus that helps to increase immunity in the host Image from: http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/851253/doctors-debate-the-benefits-of-vaccine-cocooning/ Video clip vaccines and eradicate smallpox Measles Outbreaks Video Clips Part 1: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860666http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860666 Part 2: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860720http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860720

16. Discovery Streaming “Understanding Viruses” Clips to show Play part 1 time 2:30 to 17:20 (you will stop the playing after the section on vaccines—so right when the section describing mutations comes on, hit stop) Then show clip 11, “The Death of Disease: Efforts to Eradicate Smallpox” (time 28:58) Then show clip 16, “HIV and AIDS” (time 38:43) Finally show clip 18, “Using Viruses to Cure Genetic Diseases” (time 45:00) Understanding: Viruses. Discovery Channel School (1997). Retrieved June 4, 2008, from unitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ 1. Video Clips 2. Vaccines Web Activity Website for activity= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html 3. Spread of Disease Activity Image from: http://www.123rf.com/photo_4335978_pipette-with-drop-of- liquid-over-test-tubes-for-an-experiment-in-a-science-research-lab.html

17. Microbiol ogy The study of: microscopic organisms (bacteria) and particles (viruses)

19. Bacteria...  Are prokaryotic cells  Are unicellular  Most numerous organisms on Eart h  First forms of life on Earth Web visual found at  http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/ Click on image

20.  What percent of bacteria are helpful?

21. Benefits of Prokaryotes:

22. Controlling Prokaryotes

23. + food production + digestion + water purification + environment— decomposers oil spills + list is ENDLESS!! —spoil foods —cause disease

24. Environmental Conditions: a) Obligate aerobe= require oxygen to live b) Obligate anaerobe= require a complete absence of oxygen to live c) Facultative anaerobe= either/or (can survive with oxygen, but doesn’t need it)

25.  Fill in diagram

26. 1.MOST bacteria reproduce by BINARY FISSION (see picture  ) 2.Conjugation: some bacteria exchange genetic info by forming a temporary bridge 3.Endospore: some bacteria form an endospore and go dormant when conditions are unfavorable Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7910/2025031.cw/index.html

27. Images from: http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Images/Biology/Bacterial/Bacterial_Types/Conjugation.php; http://bacteriakingdoms.com/conjugation-bacteria Conjugation

28. Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7923/2028311.cw/index.html “To appreciate the explosive potential for population increase, consider a single bacterium that can reproduce by fission every 20 minutes under ideal conditions. There would be two bacteria after 20 minutes, four after 40 minutes, eight after 80 minutes, and so on. If this continued for a day and a half— a mere 36 hours—there would be bacteria enough to form a layer a foot deep over the entire Earth.” ~pg. 730 Campbell, N., Reece, J., Taylor, M., Simon, E. (2006). Biology:Concepts and Connections. Fifth edition. New York: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

29. Images from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm 1. = sphere 2. = rod 3. = spiral Shapes Prefixes 1. = pair 2. = chain 3. = bunch

30. Streptococcus Strep Throat

31. Escherichia coli - e.coli Rod - Bacillus Shape?

32. Bacillus anthracis Death from anthrax is due to oxygen depletion Shape?

33. Cholera Intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Shape? Spiral - Spirillum

34. Bacterial infections are USUALLY localized at single point Examples: o strep throat o urinary tract infections o most ear infections o some sinus infections Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/

35. Antibiotics CAN KILL bacteria Antibiotic = Drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with various cellular functions. o Antibiotic resistant bacteria = ? Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin in 1929 Images from: http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/penicillin.htm; http://www.positivehealth.com/article/candida/superbugs-is-this-the-final-warning

36. Superbacteria: Evolution in Action The misuse and overuse of antibiotics has lead to the evolution of resistant bacteria. MRSA, TB, gonorrhea, malaria & typhoid fever have all evolved because of antibiotic misuse. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/e ducators/lessons/lesson6/act1.html

37. There are more bacterial cells in your body than there are human cells. Scientists estimate that bacteria produce nearly half the oxygen found in the atmosphere There are more microbes on your body than there are humans on the entire planet.humans on the entire planet An area of skin as small as 6.5 square cm (1 square inch) may be home to more than half a million microbes.

38. United Streaming: “Understanding Bacteria” Clips to show Play through the first four full segments—1-under the microscope: anthrax 1:24, 2-understanding bacteria 3:55, 3-the good and bad sides of bacteria 11:06, and 4-Penicillin: From creation to resistance 5:15—then stop the video when “gold bug” comes up and discuss what was viewed with the class). Understanding: Bacteria. Discovery Channel School(2004). Retrieved June 4, 2008, from unitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ 1. Video Clips 2. Mysteries of the Black Death Video Image from: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/secrets_of_the_dead_mystery_of_the_black_death/ 3. Viruses vs Bacteria Venn Diagram