1. Hobbes What is the Social Contract Theory? How does it play a role in the founding of American government? Why are governments necessary? Should government have the right to intrude upon people’s rights? Why or why not?

2. John Locke (1632-1704) British Philosopher Original State of Man in Nature Perfectly free and equal Why Governments? Nature is uncertain Property is unsafe Governments: Protect Property Lives, Liberties, Estates

3. Who creates governments? The people People are supreme When governments abuse those powers… People can change government

4. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1781-1789 State Supremacy Legislature Unicameral 9 of 13 votes to pass laws. (2/3) Each state one vote. STRENGTHS Land Ordinance of 1785 Surveyed and sold western lands. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Admission of new states Kept the states together Treaty of Paris, 1783

5. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION WEAKNESSES No power to tax No separate executive No federal courts Shays’ Rebellion British Retention of forts in the Northwest No regulation of interstate commerce Weak Continental dollar Separate state currencies Inability to protect settlers from Indians Inability to repay French loans

6. Constitutional Convention Began in May, 1787 Original Purpose: Amend Articles 55 Delegates None from Rhode Island Most Powerful Group/Interest: Federalists Stronger Central Government

7. Federal Census of 1790 At the Constitutional Convention, each delegate was primarily representing his state’s interests. Based on the figures from the census, what significant differences exist among the states? What issues might surface at the Convention because of these differences?

8. Constitutional Convention: Great Compromise Large and Small States: Representation Virginia Plan (Large States) Legislature: 2 chambers Upper House: Appointed Lower House: Popular Vote ** Number of reps. in both based on population New Jersey Plan (Small States) One chamber; each state one vote.

9. Great Compromise Legislature Upper: Appointed by State Legislature 2 per state (help small states) Lower: Voted by people Based on population (help large states) 3/5 Compromise Settled issue of counting slaves for taxes and representation.

10. Legislative Branch– Article I Constitutional Requirements HouseSenate Age2530 Citizenship7 years9 years ResidencyIn stateIn state Length of Term2 years6 years

11. Impeachment House: Impeaches (Bring Charges Against) majority vote Senate: Trial 2/3 vote Can only remove from office

12. Article I, Section 8 Powers of Congress Power to tax Regulate interstate commerce Coin money War Powers Declare War Raise an army/navy Maintain an army/navy Regulate an army/navy

13. Necessary and Proper Clause (Sec. 8) AKA: Elastic Clause Expands powers of Congress Raising Revenue (Sec. 7) Must begin in the House Closest to the people (no taxation w/o representation)

14. Article II: EXECUTIVE BRANCH Length of Term 4 years Term Limits NONE in ORIGINAL Constitution 22 Amendment (1951) “Two Terms”

15. Electoral College Number per state: Equal to # of Reps. and Senators Who Wins? Receive MAJORITY of votes No Majority? House Decides

16. Constitutional Requirements Age 35 Citizenship Natural Born Citizen Residency Live in U.S. 14 years

17. Powers of the President Foreign Policy Commander-in-Chief (CINC) Make Treaties 2/3 of Senate Appoint Ambassadors Majority of Senate Judicial Appoint federal Judges Majority of Senate Pardons Legislative Veto State of the Union

18. Impeachment/Removal Treason, Bribery, High Crimes and Misdemeanors

19. Article III - Judicial Branch Constitutional Requirements None Length of Term Life Constitution Establishes Supreme Court Lower Courts: Created by Congress

20. ARTICLE IV State Relations Extradition New States Consent of current state AND Congress ARTICLE V Amend the Constitution 2/3 House & Senate ¾ of States ARTICLE VI Supremacy Clause National over State ARTICLE VII Ratification 9 of 13