1. 1 Western Interconnection 2006 Congestion Assessment Study Prepared by the Western Congestion Analysis Task Force May 08, 2006

2. 2 Western Interconnection 2006 Congestion Study - DOE Task 3 - 1.2008 Modeling Study 2.2015 Modeling Study –2015 Planned Resource Development (IRPs and RPS) 3.W.I. Historical Path Usage Studies – 1999 thru 2005 –Physical congestion –Commercial congestion

3. 3 WCATF Modeling Studies ABB Gridview Model Model uses WECC 2005 L&R load forecast, modified with NPCC data for the NW, RMATS load forecasts for the Rocky Mtn area and the latest CEC load forecast for California Hourly load shapes were developed using FERC 714 Incremental transmission was added to a WECC 2008 case to represent 2015 network topology WECC path ratings were used, modified as necessary to more closely represent operating experience. Path nomograms were modeled. Gridview has the ability to model losses, wheeling rates and forced outages, however these were not modeled in the 2015 study. (this will be pursued in the future) – Losses were included in the load projections. Loss sensitivity was investigated in the 2008 study. Resources –Modeled unit commitment with actual data if known; generic data if unknown –Incremental resources reflect utility IRPs and state RPS standards –Unit forced outage rates are modeled, using EIA data –Modeled Startup costs, ramp rates and variable O&M costs, gas prices of $5, $7 and $9. –Hydro and Wind are hard wired into the model, using data obtained for the major western river systems and from the National Renewable Energy Lab.

4. 4 WECC Transmission Paths Definition & Rating All WECC Cataloged Paths are modeled, representing potentially constrained W.I. Paths, including Unscheduled (Loop) Flow Qualified Paths and OTC Policy Group paths. They represent all the significant paths in the W.I. A Path may represent a single line or combination of parallel lines from one area or a combination of areas to another area or combination of areas A Path may be between Control Areas or internal to a Control Area. Paths are defined based upon extensive planning studies and operating experience. They are well documented through a formal process.

5. 5 WECC Transmission Paths (Cont.) Ratings are established thru an open process described in the WECC Procedures for Regional Planning Project Review and Rating Transmission Facilities document. Ratings are documented in the WECC Path Rating Catalog Ratings include both non- simultaneous and simultaneous limits, including development of nomograms All ratings are established applying NERC/WECC reliability criteria; the path must be able to withstand an outage while operating at rated capacity Ratings in the West are determined by the more restrictive of applicable steady state or contingency limits. These include transient, voltage stability and thermal limits. 67 existing WECC paths are currently rated

6. 6 WECC Transmission Paths (Cont.) The WECC Operating Transfer Capability (OTC) Policy Committee reviews seasonal operating ratings for selected critical paths. Bottom Line: –TO MAINTAIN RELIABLE OPERATION, WESTERN PATH RATINGS ARE OFTEN BASED UPON STABILITY LIMITS WHICH MAY BE MORE LIMITING THAN THE THERMAL LIMITS THAT TYPICALLY LIMIT EASTERN PATHS. THIS IS PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF LONG TRANSMISSION DISTANCES IN THE WEST. All production cost modeling in the West (SSG-WI, RMATS, STEP & CDEAC studies) recognize OTC limits on all WECC paths and on all internal lines, but not the day to day operational limits that are based upon prevailing system conditions.

7. 7 Understanding Western Path Flows Thermal rating (N-0 = 10,500 MW) (N-1 = 6000 MW) Contingency Rating (N-1, N-2 = 4,800 MW) WECC/NERC Criteria Measurement of Transfer Capacity Example - California Oregon Intertie (COI) U75 – % of time flow exceeds 75% of OTC (3,600 MW for COI) U90 - % of time flow exceeds 90% of OTC (4,320 MW for COI) U(Limit) - % of time flow reaches 100% of OTC (4,800 MW for COI) WECC Path RatingsU75, U90 and U(Limit) % of Time % of OTC 75%90%100%

8. 8 Reno-Alturas COI NW to Idaho West of MCNary Cross Cascades South Cross Cascades North North of John Day North of Hanford West of Hatwai Northwest to Canada PDCI Monroe-Echo Lake Paul-Raver Paul-Allston Allston-Keeler Montana to NW West of Broadview West of Colstrip Midway-Los Banos Idaho-Sierra Borah West Idaho-Montana Bridger West Path C Southwest of Four Corners Northern-Southern California IPP DC Intermountain- Mona TOT 1A TOT 2A Bonanza West TOT 2C TOT 3 TOT 4A TOT 4B TOT 5 SDG&E-Comision Federal de Electicidad WOR EOR Cholla-Pinnacle Peak Montana Southease Western Interconnect Transmission Paths Alberta to BC NOTE: For clarity, not all WECC Rated Paths are shown.

9. 9 NOTE: There are 67 WECC Rated Paths. Not all numbers are used.

10. 10 Part 1 2008 Modeling Study

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14. 14 Notes for Reviewing the 2008 Study Results Yellow Paths in the Tables are WECC Rated Paths White Paths in the Tables are other monitored lines, mostly located within WECC Rated Paths Study Metrics – U75, U90, U(Limit), Congestion Rent, Shadow Price averaged over 8760 hours, Shadow Price averaged over the binding (or limit) hours Metrics used to Identify Congestion Areas – Binding Hours Shadow Price, U75 and U90 The following Paths may be considered by their owners to be dedicated facilities, planned and designed to integrate or deliver specified resources to load: (These were designed to be high usage paths and may not be considered congested) –Path 27 – Intermountain Power Project (IPP) DC Line –Path 19 – West of Bridger

15. 15 Definitions U(Limit) = Annual Hours operating at the Paths Limit U75 & U90 = Hours of the year a path operates above 75% or 90% of the Path Limit. Note that in the historical path studies, U75 is sometimes the maximum seasonal value over the years studied. Congestion Rent = Average Hourly Shadow Price times Path Flow on that Hour, summed for the year Average Shadow Price = Average of the hourly Shadow Prices, averaged over 8760 Hours Binding Hour Average Shadow Price = Average Shadow Price, averaged over the number of hours the path is at its limit.

16. 16 2008 Path Usage Study Results $5, $7 (reference) and $9 Gas Price

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26. 26 2008 Path Shadow Prices Results

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31. 31 2008 Alternative Ranking Methods Congested Areas/Paths

32. 32 Evaluation of Alternative Ranking Methodologies Five alternative Congestion Ranking Methods were applied to the W.I. 2008 Study results: –U90 –U75 –Shadow Price (binding hours) –Average of 9 metrics –Average of 9 metrics (modified method) Conclusion - - Ranking methodology results vary considerably, therefore identified W.I. Congestion Areas are grouped geographically and not ranked

33. 33 Five Alternative Ranking Methods 1.U90 A usage based ranking Paths were ranked using U90 at $7 gas 2.U75 A usage based ranking Paths were ranked using U75 at $7 gas 3.Shadow Price An economic based ranking Paths were ranked using binding hours shadow price at $7 gas 4. Averaging Method A combined usage and economic based ranking Paths were ranked by (1) calculating the paths subranking for each of 9 categories (U90, U75, shadow price - - $5, $7, and $9 gas) and (2) calculating the average of these 9 subrankings. This value was then used to rank the paths. 5.Averaging Method (modified) A combined usage and economic based ranking Same as Method 4, however it was only applied to paths that ranked in the top ten in at least one of the 9 subranking categories. This method defines a congestion grouping and assures that all paths that ranked high in at least one category are included.

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36. 36 2008 Loss Comparison Study Average vs. Incremental Transmission Losses

37. 37 2008 Study - Loss Comparison Task 3 Studies used Average losses to be comparable to the Eastern Interconnection studies. A loss comparison study was run as part of the 2008 W.I. study. For comparison, transmission line losses were modeled as both Average Losses (included as a fixed amount in the load) and as Incremental Losses (line losses vary as the square of the line flow. Results are preliminary and need further analysis Preliminary results indicate the way line losses are modeled can have a significant impact on congestion. Modeling incremental line losses generally reduces congestion, often by a significant amount. A comparison is made between modeled path flows with average and incremental losses and observed historical flows

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42. 42 Part 2 2015 Modeling Study

43. 43 SSG-WI Path Limits WECC Catalogue Operating Limits & Adjustments Made by SSG-WI ( xxx - Rating used in 2015 SSG-WI study, (xxx) – current WECC rating if different)

44. 44 2015 Resource Assumptions Modeled Utility Integrated Resource Plans (IRP) and State Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)

45. 45 Key Caveats Transmission congestion found in modeling is primarily driven by gas prices, hydro conditions and assumptions about location of generation resources in 2015 Actual 2015 generation additions will evolve from those assumed in the study based on LSE preferences and state policies

46. 46 2015 Resources By Area and Fuel Type

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49. 49 2015 Study Results Path Usage Path Economics

50. 50 Key Caveats High Flow Rankings do not necessarily imply Congested Paths. Some paths in the West have high flows because the paths primary function is to transmit generation to a specific load area. The IPP DC Line and Bridger West paths are typical examples. Results are highly dependent upon gas prices, hydro conditions and location of future resources.

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54. 54 Two Methods of Calculating Congestion Costs (2015 Annual Summary) Method I: Congestion Rent - - In the shadow price X MW flow columns, congestion cost for each congested path is defined as the hourly shadow price for each congested hour times the flow on the path for that hour, with the results summed for the year. Method II: Annual Average Shadow Price - - The production cost decrease if 1 MW limit of the constraint is relaxed. It represents the average of the absolute value of the 8760 hourly shadow prices.

55. 55 Part 3 Historical Path Usage Study 1999 thru 2005

56. 56 Physical Usage Physical Usage analysis uses hourly data archived at WECC for actual hourly MW flow and hourly path limits (OTC) –OTC limits are often based on stability limits which may be more limiting than the thermal based transfer limits used in the East –Two measures 1. Percent of time flows exceeded 75% of OTC based on the maximum utilization in any season from 1999 to 2004 2. Percent of time flows exceeded 90% of OTC in the highest period from Spring 2004 through Summer 2005 –Illustrative path The duration of flows on SW of Four Corners Path The maximum seasonal flows on SW of Four Corners Path

57. 57 Physical Usage Seasons are defined in WECC as follows: –Spring: April and May –Summer: June thru October –Winter: November thru March

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