1. TFEIP 2012, Bern Tinus Pulles

2. Outline Present day reporting and available EFs Measurements of HM contents in fuels The contribution from lube oils Copare our estimates with the countries’ estimates Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern May 14, 2012 2

3. Implied Emission Factors in National Inventories Large variation Incomparable? Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern May 14, 2012 3

4. Many different EFs fly around Broad ranges in EFs as published in the literature Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern May 14, 2012 4

5. Fuel used in countries in pour study We cover 80% or more of the fuels used in 2009 in the European Union Data from EUROSTAT Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern May 14, 2012 5

6. Reproducibility We took for many samples two, three of four measurements Scatter graphs and regression analyses show that our measurement techniques was quite reproducible We have many measurements above the detection limit May 14, 2012 Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern 6

7. Frequency distributions Samples show a lognormal frequency distribution for all metals. Some issues with detection limit May 14, 2012 Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern 7

8. Between country differences? Not too many samples per country Lognormal statistics of measured concentrations overlap No differences between countries observed! No correlations between HMs (not shown) May 14, 2012 Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern 8

9. Emission factors from fuel Overview of HM contents of fuels In petrol all HMs are observed In diesel AS, CD and SE are below detection limit May 14, 2012 Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern 9

10. Lube oil 1.Lube also contains HMs 2.Part of Lube oil might be burned 3.We used the data collected by Morton Winther and colleagues 4.Lube oil use 1kg per 9000 km 5.Fuel use 1 kg per 12 km 6.HM’s in fuel are about 750 times as importasnt as HMs in lube oil May 14, 2012 Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern 10

11. Compare reported emissions from vehicle tail pipes with our estimates May 14, 2012 Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern 11

12. Conclusions Heavy metals have been measured in petrol and diesel on the market in Europe and EFs have been derived HM concentrations vary over a broad range, but are in the ppb range (a few 17 tenths of a ppb to a few hundred ppb for all metals) No differences between countries detected The fuel based emission factors as derived in this study are compared with those related to lubricant use as published by Winther and Slentø (2010). For most HMs studied here, this would lead to an two to fourfold increase of the tailpipe emissions as derived from the fuel concentrations. Many countries overestimate HM emisisons from vehicles’ tail pipes May 14, 2012 Tinus Pulles TFEIP 2012, Bern 12