1. Maintenance Systems Unit 5
The Digestive System
Maintenance Systems
Unit 5

2. The Basic Functions of the Digestive System
Ingestion-taking nutrients into the body, i.e., eating
Digestion-the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a usable form
Absorption-the movement of molecules through the mucosal lining of the stomach and small intestine, and into the blood
Excretion-the removal of solid waste from the body

3. The Digestive Organs Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Rectum
Anus

5. Mouth Ingestion- eating Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion
Teeth
Mastication-chewing
Chemical digestion
Salivary glands- secrete salivary amylase
digestion of carbohydrates begins
Mechanical +Chemical digestion
Softens food and creates a bolus

6. Teeth (accessory organ)
Four types of teeth
Incisors- front 4 top and bottom
Cuspids- also known as canines for their pointed shape
Bicuspids- also known as premolars and have a flattened crown
Molars- back teeth for crushing and grinding food
“typical” tooth parts
Crown/neck/root- from top to bottom
Enamel/dentin/pulp- from outside in
Gingiva- gums
Peridontal ligament/cementum- hold teeth to jaw

8. Pharynx (throat) Deglutition- swallowing
A passageway for food, liquids, and air

9. Esophagus Muscular tube located behind the trachea
About 10 inches long
Peristalsis- wave-like contractions
Transports bolus from the pharynx to the stomach

10. Stomach J-shaped pouch located below the diaphragm
Fundus
Rugue
Sphincter
Mechanical digestion
maceration (churning)
Chemical digestion
gastric juice secretion
Hydrochloric acid- breaks down bolus into chyme
Pepsin- breaks down protein

12. Small Intestines Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion
Peristalsis continues
Absorption of nutrients is highly active
Chemical digestion
Bile- made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder; emulsifies fat
Trypsin- made in pancreas to break down protein
Amylase- made in pancreas to break down carbohydrates
Lipase- made in pancreas to break down fats
Three divisions of the small intestines:
Duodenum – first portion of the small intestine where the majority of chemical digestion occurs.
Jejunum – middle portion of the small intestine where the majority of absorption of nutrients occurs.
Ileum – final portion of where absorption occurs.

14. Large Intestines Also called the colon Mechanical digestion
Cecum
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
Mechanical digestion
Haustral churning
Absorption- water, vitamins, electrolytes, production of vitamin K; changes chyme to feces

16. Rectum
The last portion of the large intestine which functions as a temporary storage of solid wastes before excretion

17. Anus The final portion of the rectum Mechanical digestion
Defecation- excretion of feces through anal sphincter (anus)

19. Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System

20. Colon Cancer
Most of the cancers of the large intestine are believed to have developed from polyps (benign tumors).
Cancer of the colon and rectum, also called colorectal cancer can invade and damage adjacent tissues and organs.
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, change in bowel habits including diarrhea or constipation, red or dark blood in stool, weight loss, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating.
Surgery is the most common treatment for colon cancer.

21. Chron’s Disease
Chron’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the digestive tract.
The disease can affect any area of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine, the ileum.
The swelling extends deep into the lining of the affected organ.
The swelling can cause pain and can make the intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea.
Chron’s disease may be caused by an abnormally functioning immune system.
Treatment includes prescription medications, nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of these.
There is no cure.

22. Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is a digestive disease that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutrients from food.
People who have celiac disease cannot tolerate a protein called gluten, found in wheat, rye, and barley.
When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products that contain gluten, their immune system responds by damaging the small intestine.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that is genetic.
The most common symptoms include pain in the digestive system or other parts of the body.
The only know treatment is a gluten-free diet.

23. Appendicitis
Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix, is the most common surgical disease.
It results from the obstruction of the opening to the appendix by a mass, stricture or infection.
Symptoms of appendicitis include generalized abdominal pain, pain localized in the lower right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, possibly fever, and an elevated white blood cell count.
Treatment involves the removal of the appendix and antibiotics.

24. Inguinal Hernia
Inguinal hernias occur when a part of the intestine protrudes through a weak point or tear in the abdominal wall.
This protrusion creates a bulge which can be painful.
Some inguinal hernias occur at birth when the abdominal lining does not close properly.
Other inguinal hernias occur later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate.
The most common treatment is surgery.

25. Careers Dentist Dental Assistant Dental Hygienist Dietitian
Central Service Technician

26. DENTIST
Diagnose, prevent, and treat problems with teeth or mouth tissue.
Remove decay, fill cavities, examine x-rays
Extract teeth and make models and measurements for dentures to replace missing teeth.
Administer anesthetics and write prescriptions for antibiotics and other medications
2-4 years of pre-req (Bachelors degree) + 4 years of dental school and 2 year internship, pass licensing boards
9 specialty areas to pursue after (orthodontics, surgery, periodontist…) years of school and post residency
Salary: $95, ,000

27. DENTAL HYGIENTIST
Remove soft and hard deposits from teeth
Teach patients how to practice good oral hygiene
Take and develop dental x-rays; and apply cavity-preventive agents such as fluorides and pit and fissure sealants
Hygienists sometimes work chair-side with the dentist during treatment
Associate degree, can go on and get Bachelors and Masters degree, licensure is required
$45,000-70,000

28. DENTAL ASSISTANT
Make patients as comfortable as possible in the dental chair, prepare them for treatment, and obtain their dental records.
Hand instruments and materials to dentists and keep patients’ mouths dry and clear by using suction or other devices.
Assistants also sterilize and disinfect instruments and equipment
On the job training, can obtain dental assistant certificate through 1 year program at ATCs
$22,000-35,000/year

29. DIETITIAN
Plan food and nutrition programs and supervise the preparation and serving of meals
Help to prevent and treat illnesses by promoting healthy eating habits and recommending dietary modifications
Dietitians manage food service systems for institutions such as hospitals and schools
Work in hospitals, private settings, universities, research labs, long term care facilities, private consultants
Bachelors degree in Dietetics or Food and Nutrition- licensure required
$40,000-60,000

30. CENTRAL SERVICES TECHNITICIAN
Responsible for the procurement of surgical supplies and equipment
Responsible for contaminating, cleaning, processing, assembling, sterilizing, storing and distributing the medical devices and supplies needed in patient care, especially during surgery
On the job training is an option, but obtaining a certificate as a Central Services Technician preferred- 8 week program
Work primarily in hospitals
$25,000-35,000

31. Word Parts- roots Col/o- colon Cheil/o- lip Gastr/o- stomach
Gingiv/o- gum
Stomat/o- mouth
Hepat/o- liver
Cholecyst/o- gallbladder
Proct/o- rectum

32. Word Parts/Abbreviations
-ia – condition
-itis –inflammation
GI- Gastrointestinal
IV- intravenous
Tx- treatment
Dx- diagnosis

33. Vocabulary Absorption- uptake through a membrane or tissue
Bolus- semi-solid food lump
Chyme- liquefied food mixed with enzymes
Defecation- evacuation of fecal matter
Deglutition- swallowing
Digestion- process of breaking down food into a usable form
Emulsification- breakdown of large lipid molecules into smaller ones

34. Vocabulary Excretion- evacuation of fecal matter
Feces- undigested waste products
Haustral churning- muscular contraction pushing matter into next pouch
Ingestion- eating, taking in food
Maceration- churning within the stomach to soak bolus in enzymes
Mastication- chewing
Peristalsis- wave-like motion