1. Chapter Twelve Motivation

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-2 Overview The behavioral view of motivation The social-cognitive view of motivation Other cognitive views of motivation The humanistic view of motivation The role of self-perceptions in motivation Motivating students with technology

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-3 Types of Motivation Extrinsic motivation –Occurs when learner does something to earn external reward Intrinsic motivation –Occurs when learner does something to experience inherently satisfying results

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-4 The Behavioral View of Motivation Motivation is due to reinforcement and external rewards. –Students are motivated to complete a task by being promised some type of reward.

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-5 Dangers of Extrinsic Motivation Changes in behavior may be temporary; the student may revert to earlier behaviors as soon as the rewards stop. Students may develop a materialistic attitude toward learning. Giving students extrinsic rewards for completing a task may lessen the intrinsic motivation they may have for that activity (undermining effect).

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-6 The Social Cognitive View of Motivation Two factors that influence motivation: –The models to which people are exposed –The level and influence of people’s self- efficacy Choice of learning goals Outcome expectations Attributions

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-7 The Role of Self-Efficacy in Motivation Choice of learning goals –Task mastery goals –Ego/social goals –Work-avoidant goals Outcome expectations Attributions –Ability, effort, luck, task difficulty

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-8 Cognitive Views of Motivation Cognitive-Developmental –Motivation is influenced by a person’s need to master his/her environment and to work towards equilibration. Need for Achievement –Motivation is influenced by a person’s need to attain certain goals. Attribution Theory –Motivation is influenced by how a person attributes his/her successes and failures.

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-9 Cognitive Views of Motivation Beliefs about the Nature of Cognitive Ability Motivation for learning is affected by one’s beliefs about the nature of ability. Effect of Interest on Intrinsic Motivation Motivation is influenced by how interested one is in a task or subject.

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-10 Individual Factors that Influence Interest Ideas and activities that are valued by one’s culture or ethnic group. The emotions that are aroused by the subject or activity. The degree of competence one attains in a subject or activity. The degree to which a subject or activity is perceived to be relevant to achieving a goal. Level of prior knowledge. A perceived “hole” in a topic that the person already knows a good deal about.

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-11 Situational Factors that Influence Interest The opportunity to engage in hands-on activities. The state of cognitive conflict or disequilibrium. The opportunity to work on a task with others. The opportunity to observe influential models. The teacher’s use of novel stimuli. The teacher’s use of games and puzzles.

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-12 Limitations of Cognitive Views It is not always easy or possible to induce students to experience a cognitive disequilibrium sufficient to stimulate them to seek answers. Need for achievement view lacks efficient and objective instruments for measuring its strength. Changing students’ attributions can be a difficult and time-consuming task.

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-13 Humanistic Views of Motivation Maslow’s Theory of Growth Motivation –Motivation is influenced by fulfilling different levels of need. –Deficiency needs must be met in order for a student to be motivated to learn.

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-14 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1943) Self-actualization (e.g., maximizing one’s potential) Esteem (e.g., respect) Belongingness and love (e.g., acceptance, affection) Safety (e.g., nurturance, money) Physiological (e.g., food, water, oxygen)

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-15 Limitations of Humanistic Views It is often difficult to know how to meet students’ deficiency needs. You may have many forces working against you as you try to meet students’ needs.

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-16 Role of Self-Perceptions in Motivation Self-concept Self-esteem Self-efficacy

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-17 Comparing Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy - “I’m a sixth grader.” - “I am five feet one inch tall.” - “My favorite subject is history.” - The nonevaluative picture people have of themselves. - Made up of components that are hierarchically arranged. For example, academic self-concept = verbal self- concept + mathematical self-concept + science self-concept, etc. Self-Concept ExampleCharacteristicsType of Self- Perception

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-18 Comparing Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy - “I’m pretty smart at math.” - I’m not attractive because my nose is too big for my face.” - “I’m disappointed that most people don’t like me.” - “I’m satisfied with how well I speak and understand a foreign language.” - The evaluative judgements we make of the various components of our self- concepts. - Self-concept describes who you are; self-esteem indicates how you feel about that identity. Self-Esteem ExampleCharacteristicsType of Self- Perception

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-19 Comparing Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy - “I believe I can learn how to use a computer program.” - “I’ll never be able to figure out how to solve quadratic equations.” - The evaluative judgements we make of how capable we think we are at organizing and carrying out a specific course of action. Self-Efficacy ExampleCharacteristicsType of Self- Perception

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-20 Limitations of the Self-Perceptions Approach Lack of useful, commercially prepared measures of self-efficacy and academic self-concept Whatever success you may have in changing the sense of self-esteem and academic self-concept of students is likely to be slow in coming

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12-21 Motivating Students with Technology Including both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation –e.g., Jasper Challenge Series Using technology to increase motivation to learn