1. The Constitutional Convention The Constitutional Convention Purpose: originally met to revise the Articles of Confederation... later to create a whole new government Delegates: 12 of the 13 states were represented (not Rhode Island) 55 white Christian men – mostly wealthy lawyers (no minorities) Famous delegates: George Washington: appointed President of the Convention – only spoke twice Benjamin Franklin: oldest member James Madison: became known as the “Father of the Constitution” ; (kept personal journal) Alexander Hamilton: argued for a vision of America as a “new Europe” Not there: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams: Serving overseas as U.S. Representatives in Europe Patrick Henry: Disagreed strongly with the idea of a stronger central government

3. A. The “Great Compromise” (Connecticut Plan): Concerning state representation in the government New Jersey Plan One house in the Legislative branch All states elect the same number of Congressmen Virginia Plan Two houses in Legislative branch Both houses based on population of states Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan) Two houses in the Legislative branch States represented equally in Senate House representation determined by state population

4. B. The Three-Fifths Compromise: Do slaves count as population? Northern Slaves should not be counted for representation in Congress because they could not vote Southern Slaves should be counted for representation but not for taxes Three-Fifths Compromise Three-Fifths of the slaves in a state would be counted for both representation in Congress and for taxation

5. C. Commerce Compromise Congress has power to regulate foreign and interstate trade? Northern (Industrial) Congress could regulate aspects of trade – foreign or domestic Southern (Agricultural) no taxes on state exports no regulation of the slave trade Commerce Compromise Congress could impose duties (taxes) on imports No taxes on state exports No regulation on slave trade for at least 20 years

6. Principles of the US Constitution Popular Sovereignty- The belief that the source of all power or authority that the government has, comes from the PEOPLE” Popular Sovereignty- The belief that the source of all power or authority that the government has, comes from the PEOPLE” “The Preamble” (opening paragraph) “The Preamble” (opening paragraph) “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

7. Principles of the US Constitution Limited Government –the federal or state governments cannot do just anything they want: their powers over our lives are strictly regulated and limited by the constitution Delegated powers – jobs given to the federal government ONLY. (ex: make $) Implied Powers – gives federal government additional powers to carry out the delegated powersImplied Powers – gives federal government additional powers to carry out the delegated powers Elastic Clause ( Article 1; Section 8) – “necessary and proper”Elastic Clause ( Article 1; Section 8) – “necessary and proper” Reserved Powers – jobs saved for the state governments ONLY (ex: education) Concurrent Powers – jobs shared by both the federal and state governments (ex: tax)

8. Principles of the Constitution Federalism - the relationship between the “federal” government (think ‘national”) and the various state governments Separation of power - the federal powers are separated between a Legislative (law making) branch Executive (law enforcing) branch Judicial (law interpreting) branch Flexibility- the Constitution can be changed. The Elastic Clause, (Article 1; Section 8) Amendment process, And Judicial interpretation ( can make “necessary and proper” changes”) Bill of Rights:- assurances of the protection of individual rights was guaranteed

10. V. Ratification of the Constitution Ratification: the process of making the Constitution official Ratification: the process of making the Constitution official Constitutional requirement: 9 of 13 states need to approve it Constitutional requirement: 9 of 13 states need to approve it

11. The Federalist Papers A series of papers written in favor of the Constitution A series of papers written in favor of the Constitution Examples: Examples: #2 The Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence by John Jay #2 The Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence by John Jay #8 Consequences of Hostility Between the States by Alexander Hamilton #8 Consequences of Hostility Between the States by Alexander Hamilton #10 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection by James Madison #10 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection by James Madison #52 The House of Representatives by James Madison #52 The House of Representatives by James Madison

12. Results of Ratification 1) the Constitution becomes the Supreme law of the United States 2) a stronger central government has been established 3) resentment by some states builds (southern states lose influence)