1. Solid and Hazardous Waste http://www.makevisual.com/nowlook/

2. Do I have your attention?

3. What is solid waste and how much is produced? Solid waste is any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas. Solid waste is any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas. The United States generates 33% of world’s solid waste. The United States generates 33% of world’s solid waste. 12 billion tons of solid waste per year, as of 2000, (or about 97,000 pounds per person per year). 12 billion tons of solid waste per year, as of 2000, (or about 97,000 pounds per person per year). Most comes from mining, oil and natural gas production, agriculture, and industry. Most comes from mining, oil and natural gas production, agriculture, and industry.

4. Municipal Solid Waste MSW is garbage or refuse that is generated by households, commercial establishments, industrial offices, etc. that is not considered hazardous waste. MSW is garbage or refuse that is generated by households, commercial establishments, industrial offices, etc. that is not considered hazardous waste. It does not include source-separated recyclables. It does not include source-separated recyclables.

5. Municipal Solid Waste Solid waste generation has increased, from 3.66 to 4.34 pounds per person per day between 1980 and 2009. This is about 1600 pounds per year! According to the EPA, about 132 million tons of MSW were discarded in landfills in 2009. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2009-fs.pdf

6. Solid Waste in 2008 US generated about 250 million tons of trash (MSW) in 2008 US generated about 250 million tons of trash (MSW) in 2009, Americans produced about 243 million tons of MSW. This averages out to about 4.3 pounds of waste per person per day. in 2009, Americans produced about 243 million tons of MSW. This averages out to about 4.3 pounds of waste per person per day. http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm

7. MSW in the United States http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm

8. What is hazardous waste? any discarded solid or liquid material that contains one or more of 39 toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic compounds above established limits any discarded solid or liquid material that contains one or more of 39 toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic compounds above established limits catches fire easily catches fire easily is reactive or unstable is reactive or unstable or is capable of corroding metal containers. or is capable of corroding metal containers.

9. Hazardous Waste nonspecific sources involved in industrial processes such as spent halogenated solvents nonspecific sources involved in industrial processes such as spent halogenated solvents specific industrial sources, such as untreated wastewater from the production of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,-d) specific industrial sources, such as untreated wastewater from the production of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,-d) commercial chemical products that may be discarded (such as benzene) used in the manufacture of drugs, detergents, lubricants, dyes and pesticides commercial chemical products that may be discarded (such as benzene) used in the manufacture of drugs, detergents, lubricants, dyes and pesticides wastes that are classified as toxic, such as vinyl chloride. wastes that are classified as toxic, such as vinyl chloride. Read more: Hazardous Waste - water, environmental, pollutants, United States, types, impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, wells, toxic, world, human, power, sources, disposal http://www.pollutionissues.com/Fo-Hi/Hazardous-Waste.html#ixzz1LOF7DCBT Hazardous Waste - water, environmental, pollutants, United States, types, impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, wells, toxic, world, human, power, sources, disposal http://www.pollutionissues.com/Fo-Hi/Hazardous-Waste.html#ixzz1LOF7DCBTHazardous Waste - water, environmental, pollutants, United States, types, impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, wells, toxic, world, human, power, sources, disposal http://www.pollutionissues.com/Fo-Hi/Hazardous-Waste.html#ixzz1LOF7DCBT

10. Hazardous Waste Examples solvents such as, a probable carcinogen that is commonly used in paint removers.solvents such as methylene chloride, a probable carcinogen that is commonly used in paint removers. solvent that has been found in groundwater. Ingesting high amounts of TCE can cause liver, lung and nervous system damage.Trichloroethylene, a solvent that has been found in groundwater. Ingesting high amounts of TCE can cause liver, lung and nervous system damage. Sludge created by industries after treating wastewater. Common contaminants of sludge include. These elements can negatively impact both the health of humans and of wildlife. For example, lead is known to disrupt the nervous system.Sludge created by industries after treating wastewater. Common contaminants of sludge include cadmium, copper, lead, and nickel. These elements can negatively impact both the health of humans and of wildlife. For example, lead is known to disrupt the nervous system. http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2010/03/epa_missouri_company_fresh_and_clean_restrooms_no_so_much.php

11. Hazardous Waste Does NOT include radioactive waste or hazardous materials generated by households, or mining/oil drilling waste. Does NOT include radioactive waste or hazardous materials generated by households, or mining/oil drilling waste. However, household products DO contain hazardous components! For example, used motor oil, wood preservatives, pesticides, fluorescent lights that contain mercury, paint thinners, and batteries. However, household products DO contain hazardous components! For example, used motor oil, wood preservatives, pesticides, fluorescent lights that contain mercury, paint thinners, and batteries. These should be disposed of separately from non-hazardous household waste. These should be disposed of separately from non-hazardous household waste. http://www.oodora.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/lead-in-lipstick1.jpg

12. Hazardous Waste EPA estimates at 12 trillion pounds (5.5 billion metric tons) produced each year in U.S. Average of 20 metric tons (44,000 pounds) per person. EPA estimates at 12 trillion pounds (5.5 billion metric tons) produced each year in U.S. Average of 20 metric tons (44,000 pounds) per person. This is 75% of world’s hazardous waste. This is 75% of world’s hazardous waste. Ch21 Solid and Hazardous Waste

13. What are our options? Waste management Waste management Pollution (waste) prevention Pollution (waste) prevention http://www.keeparkansasbeautiful.com/audio/WeGotPlans-Rap60.mp3

14. High Waste Approach Called “waste management” Based on idea that waste is unavoidable. Manage resulting waste (since can’t eliminate it) by burying it, burning it, or shipping it off somewhere else. Take the landfill quiz! http://www.howstuffworks.com/envir onmental/green-science/landfill- quiz11.htm

15. Landfills The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960.

16. Landfills How is a landfill made? http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/landfill.htm

17. This cross-section drawing shows the structure of a municipal solid waste landfill. The arrows indicate the flow of leachate. The basic parts of a landfill, as shown in Figure 3, are: Bottom liner system - separates trash and subsequent leachate from groundwater Cells (old and new) - where the trash is stored within the landfill Storm water drainage system - collects rain water that falls on the landfill Leachate collection system - collects water that has percolated through the landfill itself and contains contaminating substances (leachate) Methane collection system - collects methane gas that is formed during the breakdown of trash Covering or cap - seals off the top of the landfill Parts of a Landfill

18. Sanitary Landfill Topsoil Sand Clay Garbage Sand Synthetic liner Sand Clay Subsoil When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Methane storage and compressor building Electricity generator building Leachate treatment system Methane gas recovery Pipe collect explosive methane gas used as fuel to generate electricity Compacted solid waste Leachate storage tanks Leachate monitoring well Leachate monitoring well Groundwater monitoring well Groundwater monitoring well Leachate pipes Leachate pumped up to storage tanks for safe disposal Leachate pumped up to storage tanks for safe disposal Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill

19. Describe the major components of a sanitary landfill. clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks pipes to collect leachate from bottom of landfill (leachate is contaminated rainwater that percolates through solid waste) vent pipes to collect landfill gas (mainly methane and carbon dioxide) released by anaerobic decomposition of waste

20. Is land disposal of solid waste the answer? Advantages: Advantages: no open burningno open burning little odorlittle odor low groundwater pollutionlow groundwater pollution built quicklybuilt quickly low operating costslow operating costs can handle large amounts of watercan handle large amounts of water filled land can be used for other purposesfilled land can be used for other purposes no shortage of landfill space in many areasno shortage of landfill space in many areas

21. Is land disposal of solid waste the answer? Disadvantages: Disadvantages: noise and trafficnoise and traffic dustdust air pollution from toxic gases and volatile organic compounds which release greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide)air pollution from toxic gases and volatile organic compounds which release greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) groundwater contaminationgroundwater contamination slow decomposition of wastesslow decomposition of wastes encourages waste productionencourages waste production eventually leaks and can contaminate groundwatereventually leaks and can contaminate groundwater

22. Hazardous Waste Landfill Bulk waste Impervious clay Earth Water table Groundwater Clay cap Gas vent l Topsoil Earth Sand Plastic cover Impervious clay cap Leak detection system Reaction wastes in dreams Double leachate collection system Plastic double liner Groundwater monitoring well

23. Is land disposal of hazardous waste the answer? Three choices: Three choices: deep-well disposaldeep-well disposal surface impoundmentssurface impoundments secure hazardous-waste landfillssecure hazardous-waste landfills all have risks of leaks and groundwater contamination all have risks of leaks and groundwater contamination all encourage waste production all encourage waste production

24. Is burning solid and hazardous waste the answer? Advantages: Advantages: reduced trash volumereduced trash volume less need for landfillsless need for landfills low water pollutionlow water pollution Disadvantages: Disadvantages: high costhigh cost air pollution (dioxins)air pollution (dioxins) toxic ash producedtoxic ash produced encourages waste productionencourages waste production

25. How can hazardous waste be detoxified? bioremediation microorganisms and enzymes are used to destroy toxic or hazardous substances or convert them into harmless compounds microorganisms and enzymes are used to destroy toxic or hazardous substances or convert them into harmless compounds †good for pesticides, gasoline, diesel fuel, PCBs and organic solvents ―doesn’t work well for toxic metals, highly concentrated chemical waste, complex mixtures of toxic chemicals

26. How can hazardous waste be detoxified? phytoremediation uses natural or genetically engineered plants to filter and remove contaminants uses natural or genetically engineered plants to filter and remove contaminants †works for some pesticides, organic solvents, radioactive metals, toxic metals like lead and mercury †poplar trees †sunflower plants (lead) †mulberry bush (industrial sludge) †mustard plants (lead) ―only effective to depth that plant roots reach; is slow process; animals could feed on polluted leaves; still have to dispose of polluted plants

27. Low Waste Approach Pollution and waste prevention Pollution and waste prevention Belief that there is no “away” Belief that there is no “away” Solid and hazardous waste are potential resources (should be recycled, reused, composted) or should not even be used in the first place. Solid and hazardous waste are potential resources (should be recycled, reused, composted) or should not even be used in the first place.

28. Low Waste Approach Goals: Goals: ReduceReduce ReuseReuse Recycle and compostRecycle and compost Chemically or biologically treat or incinerate any leftover waste if possibleChemically or biologically treat or incinerate any leftover waste if possible Bury the restBury the rest http://www.keeparkansasbeautiful.com/audio/WeGotPlans-Country60.mp3

29. How can we reduce waste and pollution? decrease consumption decrease consumption do more with less by redesigning manufacturing processes and products to use less energy and material do more with less by redesigning manufacturing processes and products to use less energy and material develop products that are easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost or recycle develop products that are easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost or recycle design products to last longer design products to last longer eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging use trash taxes to reduce waste use trash taxes to reduce waste

30. What is resource productivity? an environmentally friendly approach to production based on increasing the productivity of resources to reduce waste an environmentally friendly approach to production based on increasing the productivity of resources to reduce waste get more product from given amount of resourceget more product from given amount of resource do more with lessdo more with less goal to get 75-90% more work/service from each unit of material resources usedgoal to get 75-90% more work/service from each unit of material resources used

31. Advantages of Resource Productivity Decrease depletion of earth’s natural resources Decrease depletion of earth’s natural resources Give companies competitive advantage globally Give companies competitive advantage globally Reduce unemployment and poverty by making it more profitable to employ people (especially in developing countries) Reduce unemployment and poverty by making it more profitable to employ people (especially in developing countries) Reduce inefficiency in use of matter and energy resources Reduce inefficiency in use of matter and energy resources

32. What is the Ecoindustrial Revolution? A movement to achieve industrial, economic, and environmental sustainability Encourages cleaner production where industrial products and processes are redesigned to be produced in a closed system, so that the waste of one manufacturer becomes the raw material for another. Packaging and used products are taken back for reuse, repair, recycling, and remanufacturing. Nothing goes to waste!

33. Cleaner Production or Industrial Ecology Benefits: cost savings reduction of resource use energy savings reduction in solid waste and pollution copies natural chemical cycles (biomimicry) resource exchange webs similar to food webs

34. An Example of Cleaner Production Denmark: coal-fired power plant, oil refinery, sulfuric acid producer, sheetrock plant, pharmaceutical plant, cement manufacturer, local farms, horticulture greenhouses, fish farm, and nearby homes cooperate to save money and convert wastes into resources for one another Denmark: coal-fired power plant, oil refinery, sulfuric acid producer, sheetrock plant, pharmaceutical plant, cement manufacturer, local farms, horticulture greenhouses, fish farm, and nearby homes cooperate to save money and convert wastes into resources for one another

35. Service Flow Economy customers lease or rent services and goods, rather than buying them customers lease or rent services and goods, rather than buying them also called product stewardship economy also called product stewardship economy

36. Advantages of a Service Flow Economy reduces resource use and waste provides customers with services/products they need rather than trying to sell them newer models or outmoded products services/products last longer and are maintained by company – don’t need to be continually replaced

37. Examples of Service Flow Economy Xerox leases copy machines Xerox leases copy machines chauffagistes – firms that provide warmth service in France chauffagistes – firms that provide warmth service in France Carrier – makes air-conditioning equipment. Leases cooling services to customers. Carrier – makes air-conditioning equipment. Leases cooling services to customers. Dow has chemical service business where it brings chemicals to the client, sets up recovery system, takes used chemical away, delivers new chemicals Dow has chemical service business where it brings chemicals to the client, sets up recovery system, takes used chemical away, delivers new chemicals

38. What is “reuse”? form of waste reduction that form of waste reduction that extends resource suppliesextends resource supplies keeps high-quality matter resources from being reduced to low-matter-quality wastekeeps high-quality matter resources from being reduced to low-matter-quality waste reduces energy use and pollution more than recyclingreduces energy use and pollution more than recycling use things over and over again by repairing them, donating them, selling them, etc. use things over and over again by repairing them, donating them, selling them, etc.

39. Examples of Reuse metal/plastic lunchboxesmetal/plastic lunchboxes Plastic containers used for leftovers instead of foil or plastic wrapPlastic containers used for leftovers instead of foil or plastic wrap Cloth shopping bagsCloth shopping bags Tool librariesTool libraries Refillable bottles (glass and plastic)Refillable bottles (glass and plastic)

40. Advantages of Reuse Less wasteful use of resources Less wasteful use of resources Extends resource supplies Extends resource supplies Maintains high quality matter Maintains high quality matter Reduces energy use Reduces energy use

41. What is open-loop recycling? secondary recycling waste materials are converted into different and usually lower-quality products reduces amount of virgin materials in a product by at most 25% also known as down-cycling or reprocessing

42. Examples of Open-Loop Recycling used plastic bottles are made into plastic drainage pipes used plastic bottles are made into plastic drainage pipes Used plastic bottles are made into fibers for carpeting or clothing or lumber Used plastic bottles are made into fibers for carpeting or clothing or lumber

43. Recycling of Cell Phones http://science.howstuffworks. com/environmental/green- science/recycling.htm http://science.howstuffworks. com/environmental/green- science/recycling.htm

44. What is closed-loop recycling? primary recycling wastes discarded by consumers (post consumer waste) are recycled to produce new products of the same type reduces amount of virgin material by 20-90% in new product Saves energy Reduces pollution

45. Examples of Closed Loop Recycling Make Al cans from recycled Al cans Make Al cans from recycled Al cans Recycling old newspaper to make paperboard and other paper products Recycling old newspaper to make paperboard and other paper products http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_recycleplant/

46. What is compost? a combination of decomposed plant and animal materials that are being decomposed mainly through aerobic decomposition; results in organically rich, black soil a combination of decomposed plant and animal materials that are being decomposed mainly through aerobic decomposition; results in organically rich, black soil

47. What is pay-as-you-throw? charges for garbage collection depends on amount of waste being disposed of charges for garbage collection depends on amount of waste being disposed of materials separated out for recycling are hauled away free materials separated out for recycling are hauled away free

48. What is centralized recycling of solid waste? process by which solid waste is collected in one centralized location (MRF or materials-recovery facility) At this location, waste is separated into usable materials which are then sold to manufacturers as raw materials, and whatever is left is recycled or incinerated to produce steam or electricity to run the recovery plant or to sell. Ash is buried in landfill.

49. Advantages of MRFs encourages large-scale recycling encourages large-scale recycling http://www.sjrecycles.org/residents/mrf.asp

50. Disadvantages of MRFs expensive to build and operate can emit toxic air pollution produce toxic ash Need large amount of trash to be financially successful (thus almost promotes greater trash production!)

51. What is consumer separation of solid waste? Consumer separates out recyclables and reusable items from their trash before putting it out for collection Consumer separates out recyclables and reusable items from their trash before putting it out for collection Recyclables can be picked up by compartmentalized city collection trucks, private haulers, or volunteer recycling organizations Recyclables can be picked up by compartmentalized city collection trucks, private haulers, or volunteer recycling organizations Recyclables could be brought to drop-off center, buyback centers, or returned for a deposit refund Recyclables could be brought to drop-off center, buyback centers, or returned for a deposit refund Referred to as source separation Referred to as source separation

52. Advantages to Source Separation   little air and water pollution produced   low startup cost; moderate operating costs   saves more energy and provides more jobs per unit of material than MRFs, landfills, incinerators   yields cleaner and usually more valuable recyclables   educates people about need for waste reduction, reuse, and recycling

53. Disadvantages to Source Separation   Some recyclables are valuable (aluminum and paper) and encourage stealing from curbside containers   Not everyone willing to participate

54. Does recycling make economic sense? NO costs more to recycle than to send them to landfill fanatical recyclers not needed to save landfill space in all communities

55. Does recycling make economic sense? YES benefit of recycling is for people and the environment, not just to conserve landfill space and reduce use of incinerators net economic, health, environmental benefits outweigh costs of recycling many programs actually making money

56. Why don’t we have more reduction and recycling? consumer items don’t include environmental and health costs of raw materials there are more tax breaks for resource- extracting companies than there are for recycling and reuse industries there is a lack of steady, large markets for recycled materials

57. Ways to Encourage Recycling tax virgin resources and phase out subsidies for extraction of virgin resources lower or eliminate taxes on recycled materials based on post- consumer waste content provide subsidies for reuse and post-consumer waste recycling increase use of pay-as-you-throw system encourage or require government purchases of recycled products to help increase demand and lower prices view landfill and incineration of solid waste as a last resort – used only if product can’t be reused, recycled, or composted require labels on all products listing pre-consumer and post- consumer recycled content

58. Dealing with Materials Use and Wastes 1st Priority 2nd Priority Last Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Purchase different products Use less of a harmful product Reduce packaging and materials in products Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable or easy to repair Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention Reduce products Repair products Recycle Compost Buy reusable and recyclable products Waste Management Treat waste to reduce toxicity Incinerate waste Bury waste in landfill Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution Fig. 21.4, p. 521

59. Trends in Municipal Solid Waste in 2009 61 million tons of MSW (excluding composting) was collected through recycling. Composting recovered about 21 million tons of waste. 29 million tons of waste was combusted for energy recovery (about 12 percent). Approximately, ____ waste was produced per person per day in 2009. After subtracting out what we recycled and composted, we combusted (with energy recovery) or discarded 2.9 pounds per person per day.

60. Trends in Municipal Solid Waste in 2009 In 2009, office-type paper recovery rose to about 74 percent (4 million tons),. About 60 percent of yard trimmings were recovered. Metals were recycled at a rate of about 34.5 percent. By recycling more than 7 million tons of metals (which includes aluminum, steel, and mixed metals), we eliminated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions totaling about 25 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2E). This is equivalent to removing almost 5 million cars from the road for one year.*

61. We still have a long way to go! About 132 million tons of MSW (54.3 percent) were still discarded in landfills in 2009.

62. Benefits of Recycling Reduces global warming Reduces acid deposition Reduces urban air pollution Make fuel supplies last longer Reduces air pollution Saves energy Reduces energy demand Reduces water pollution Recycling Reduces solid waste disposal Reduces mineral demand Protects species Reduces habitat destruction Fig. 21.7, p. 530