1. Stress and Health
Chapter 15

2. Sources of Stress
Health psychology Studies the relationship between psychological factors and physical health
Stress A state of psychological tension or strain where we respond to stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stressors Events or circumstances that trigger stress
Adjustment Any attempt to cope with stress
What are your stressors??

3. Stress reaction is the body’s observable response to a stressor.
Canadian researcher Hans Selye believes there are two types of stress.
Distress (nervous stress) which comes from acute anxiety or pressure. It can also take a serious toll on the mind.

4. Eustress (positive stress) which come from the striving and challenges that make life exciting.

5. Stress is a part of life; Especially, if you are working towards a goal or facing any challenges.
Research Hans Selye believes that the only “complete freedom from stress…is death”

6. Researcher Richard Lazarus believes that the way people perceive and evaluate a situation makes a difference.
The Cognitive Model of Stress is when people analyze and then evaluate a situation before it is labeled “stressful.”

7. Conflict Situations
Conflict situations are when a person must choose between two or more options that tend to result from opposing motives.
Approach-approach conflict - when there is a conflict between two appealing possibilities.
Ex: Which college should I go to? Should I go to the concert or the football game?
Avoidance-avoidance conflict - when there is a choice between two undesirable possibilities.
Ex: Should I stay up all night to study for AP Lit or AP Euro?

8. Approach-avoidance conflict - a result of being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal.
Ex: Should I ask the guy/girl to the party? (He /she will say yes or no :-/, Asking for a raise, but scared if you do you might get fired.
Double approach-avoidance – must choose between multiple options, however each option has desirable and undesirable aspects.
Ex: Should I go to Key West or my dad’s new house in North Carolina? Key West will be AWESOME and expensive; Going to my dad’s will be free, but not as exciting…

9. Appraising the Situation
What we choose to stress out about is determined by how we look at the situation.
Primary appraisal is the immediate evaluation of a situation.
Secondary appraisal is deciding how to deal with the potentially stressful situation.

10. Environmental Stressors
Noise can cause unnecessary stress at work, home or in a public place. In fact noise is one of the top American environmental irritants.
Crowding is other major environmental stressor. Crowding can cause feelings of aggression.

11. Life Changes and Stress
Major life changes
Marriage
Job
School
Moving
Death
Illness

12. Social Readjustment Rating Scale
See handout

13. Hassles vs. Uplifts Pressure Frustration Discrimination Conflict
Everyday Hassles. The degree to which these affect us depends on issues of duration, frequency, personality, and coping style
Pressure
Frustration
Discrimination
Conflict
Ex: losing your keys, being late for work, car won’t start, etc.

14. Uplifts are small, positive events.
Getting a good grade on a test
Winning a sporting event
Going out with friends
Winning a contest

15. Fight or Flight Response
Means of survival

16. Sympathetic arousal: Increased heart rate, respiration, blood from digestion to muscles, masks pain, releases sugar and fat from body’s stores to deal with stress. Pituitary releases adrenaline into the bloodstream
Release of cortisol/corticosterone (stress hormone) from outer part of adrenal gland (how we measure)

17. General Adaptation Syndrome
General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye)
Alarm reaction (sympathetic arousal-need to fight off physical or psychological threats)
Adaptation/Resistance (effort to maintain high level of resistance-attempts to maintain psychological equilibrium, parasympathetic rebound. Weakening ensues leading to…)
Exhaustion (depletion of reserves)
The body is designed to cope with temporary stress; prolonged stress leads to physical deterioration

18. Emotional and Cognitive Responses
Anxiety – generalized apprehension of feeling of danger.
Anger – irate reaction likely to result from frustration.
Fear – reaction when a stressor involves real or imagined danger.

19. Stress and Disease
Psycho-physiological illness Stress-related physical illness -“mind-body”
Some forms of hypertension, some headaches, and gastrointestinal issues brought on by stress
Cortisol in cardio-vascular disease
Psycho-neuroimmunological disease Interaction between stress and the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems
Chronic stress can suppress immune function.
Role of cortisol (lymphocytes)
Possible link between stress and cancer

20. The Brain on Stress http://www.fi.edu/learn/brain/stress.html
The damaging (and helpful) effects of stress on the brain and cognition (hippocampus & cortisol, emotions and memory, brain-blood barrier, brain degeneration…)

21. Leading Causes of Death – 1900 and 2000

22. Stress and Health: Type A and B (and D) Personalities
Type A Competitive, achievement oriented, hard-driving people (Friedman and Rosenman). Frequent or chronic stress can cause damage to the heart and blood vessels. Correlated with heart disease. . .Primarily due to 1) negative emotions and 2) associated behaviors
Type B More easygoing, relaxed people
Type D Emotionally distressed people. Often characterized by social withdrawal. Correlates with higher rates of stress, disease and death

23. Socioeconomic and Gender Difference
Lower socioeconomic status can predict more stressful environments and fewer psychological resources for dealing with stress
Women and men seem to be equally affected by stress physiologically, but deal with it differently (tend and befriend. Women deal more effectively (oxytocin)
Men often react to stress with a "fight-or-flight" response, but women are more likely to manage their stress with a "tend-and-befriend" response.

24. Types of stress response
Life events
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easy going
Non-depressed
Optimistic
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking
Regular exercise
Good nutrition
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking

25. Social Support
Social Support – information that leads someone to believe that he or she is cared for, loved, respected, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation.

26. Types of Social Group Emotional Appraisal Informational Instructional
Support involves concerned listening; offering affection and concern
Appraisal
support is interactive; asks questions and gives feedback to stressed person.
Informational
Comes from appraisal support; stressed person responds to what he or she has learned and evaluates how they deal with stressors
Instructional
support represents active, positive support in the form of direct help, such as money, living quarters, etc.

27. Coping with Stress
Direct coping Intentional efforts to change an uncomfortable situation
Confrontation Acknowledging stress directly and initiating a solution
Compromise Choosing a more realistic goal when an ideal goal cannot be met
Withdrawal Avoiding a situation when other options are not practical

28. Coping with Stress
Cognitive appraisal is our way of interpreting or evaluating an event that helps determine its stress impact.

29. Defensive Coping Strategies
Denial is when a person decides that the event or situation is not really a stressor.
Intellectualization is when a person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint.
See Fig

30. Active Coping Strategies
Hardiness A characteristic of people who can tolerate stress well or even thrive on it
Controlling Stressful Situations
Problem Solving
Explanatory Style
Optimist
Pessimist

31. Relaxation Biofeedback
Progressive Relaxation is lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group.
Meditation is focusing on a goal of clearing one’s mind and producing “inner peace.”
Biofeedback
A technique for brining specific body processes (blood pressure or muscle tension) under a person’s conscious control.

32. Support Groups and Professional Help
Humor
Laughter is the best medicine
Exercise
Outlet for physical arousal
Burns off stress hormones (cortisal)
Support Groups and Professional Help

33. Improving Interpersonal Skills
Training
Preparing for a situation (an interview, a marathon, an exam, etc…)
Improving Interpersonal Skills
Increase self-confidence
Self-esteem
Less chance of loneliness

34. Stress in Your Life
Autonomy is the ability to take care of oneself and independence.
Growing up means taking responsibility and separating a part of your life from your family…physically and emotionally.

35. Choosing a College
First major step of separation and becoming your own person.
What are the college changes??
Developmental friendships – friends that force one another to reexamine their basic assumptions and possibly adopt new ideas and beliefs.

36. Coping with the change to college life
Some focus narrowly on their goals because they feel they are threatened by internal and external change.
Some avoid confronting doubt by frittering away their time, going through the emotions for college, but not emotionally attaching themselves.
Some keep their options open until they acquire enough information to make a decision.
Resynthesis is the idea of combining old ideas with new ones and reorganizing feelings in order to renew one’s identity.

37. The Working World What is work? What is your employment future?
Work Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction
Resources
Financial reward
Challenge
Relations with Co workers
Comfort

38. Changing Careers
A career is a vocation that a person works at for at least a few years.

39. Comparable Worth
The idea that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and responsibility