1. ACE Source 1: The Islamic World, past and present Source 2: Arab roots of European Source 3: Early Islamic culture Medicine Source 4: The Muslim Almanac Source 5: Medical Medicine, Health and Hygiene Source 6: Greenhaven World History Program Source 7: History for Kids—Medieval Islamic Medicine Source 8: International Institute of Islamic Medicine

2. Development Source 1 Quote Page 140 “In the early Islamic world, doctors relied mainly on three sources—the Qur’an and the hadith, folk remedies, and the writings of Greek Physicians.” “Colonization altered Islamic medicine as Europeans brought their own methods of healing to Muslim regions.” “Islamic doctors learned these new practices and adapted them according to religious doctrines.” ACE

3. Types of MedicineSource 1 Summary Page 142 Cures for common disorder: Pre-Islamic Tradition Bloodletting & Cupping  Drawing blood to surface with heated cups Broths, elixirs, liniments, salves, powders with herb/milk For broken bones: massage area, rub with ointment and immobilize it Little success with surgical procedures; failed to save those with internal wounds ACE

4. MethodsSource 1 SummaryPage 42 Popular medicine: Magic and natural cures Evil eye and jinn (spirits) affect health For protection  wore charms, amulet, talismans, stones, animal parts Alchemists influenced folk remedies; made valuable contributions to pharmacology Pharmacology=study of medicine drugs Alchemists discovered many healing substances  modern drugs have origins in these findings ACE

5. MethodsSource 1 SummaryPage 142 Humors theory=basis for medical practice through Europe & middle east: --Existence of four humors (bodily fluids): blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile. --Humors possessed qualities i.e. warmth, cold, heat, dryness --Greeks influenced Muslims Disease happens because of imbalance of humors Black bile: cold and foul smelling; excess of humor led to dry skin, colds, depression Popularity of humors theory reached height with Galen (greek physician)—declined shortly after ACE

6. Development Source 1 Summary Page 142-143 Abbasid caliphate (750-1258)  research flourished Islamic scholars translated greek texts into arabic, made encyclopedias, self-help books. Muslim societies—famous for hospitals (treated all patients no matter what gender, religion, or race) 1100-1200: Hospitals in muslim world dramatically increased Nuri hospital of Damascus and the Mansuri hospital of Cairo  prominent institutions ACE

7. Impact on TodaySource 1 QuotePage 143 “Western medicine had developed largely as a result of the work of early muslim physicians and scientists.” “Western medicine also had an effect on Muslim scholars, who debated he moral implications of certain European practices.” “In Islamic countries as elsewhere, manuals on combating supernatural forces remain popular, and humoral medicine serves as a widely-used alternative to more modern cures, especially in India and Pakistan. ACE

8. Impact on TodaySource 1 Paraphrase Page 144 Ulama: religious scholars Many Muslims commented on western medical practices and debate if they are compatible with Muslim standards. Western society has given many benefits to Islamic societies ACE

9. DevelopmentSource 4 QuotePage 201 “The Medicine of medieval Islam civilization was built primarily on Greek medicine, in particular, the writings of Hippocrates and Galen.” “The most significant contribution of Islamic civilization to medicine was the establishment of the hospital as an institution for the treatment patients and training physicians.” “The first real hospital (bimaristan), however, was built in Baghdad by Harun al-Rashid (reigned 786- 809).” ACE

10. DevelopmentSource 4 Paraphrase page 202 Hospitals built by caliphs, court official, wealthy people. Endowments to hospitals were religiously motivated because charity is a big part of the Quran. Hospitals: medical care available to all, no matter what religion. ACE

11. DevelopmentSource 4 ParaphrasePage 202 Adudi hospital in Baghdad, founded by ruler Adud al- Dawla in 82 24 physicians Lasted for more than 200 years Large like a castle, with water supply from Tigris river. Nasiri Hospital of Cairo completed in 1284 Had accommodations for 8000 people, with separate wards for fever, opthalmia, surgical cases, dysentery, a pharmacy, dispensary, storeroom, mosque, library. Large administrative staff, for males and females. ACE

12. Important PeopleSource 4 ParaphrasePage 202 Abu bakr al-Razi Physician and philosopher Believed in progress of knowledge; achieved by having critical attitude to authorities Author of many medical works (includes 23 volume Kitab al-hawi; contains personal observations, case histories etc). Works influential but not suitable as introductory texts (they omitted general principles of medical science). ACE

13. Important PeopleSource 7 Summary(website) Al Razi Student of al Tabari Born about 850 AD Wrote book about measles and smallpox—explains how they are different Discovered fever is not part of illness, but the body’s way of fighting the illness (contrary to the popular belief that fevers were caused by having too much blood, so people should be bled) ACE

14. DevelopmentSource 7 Paraphrase(Website) Doctors especially good at treating eye infections and eye problems (i.e. cataracts) Hospitals kept diseases like smallpox and the measles from spreading. Big Scientific advances made—Doctors began by gathering the medical observations of Hippocrates (and his followers) and Galen. They combined these with the work of Indian doctors Sushruta and Charaka (whose books translated to Arabic in 750 AD) ACE

15. DevelopmentSource 8 QuotePage 1 Preservation of life is mandated by the following verse of the Qur’ān: “The saving of one life is as if one has saved humanity.” The importance of seeking treatment was emphasized by the Prophet himself in his sayings, which are known as the Hadīth: “Allah never created a disease for which he did not create a cure. So seek treatment.” “There is a cure for every malady (except old age). If the right treatment is administered, Allah willing the malady is cured.” In Islam disease is not looked upon as a curse from God to be endured and suffered but as an affliction for which a cure has to be sought and administered, with patience and perseverance. ACE

16. MethodsSource 8 ParaphrasePage 1 Patient—Physician relationship very important Physician held to highest professional standards and ethics in treating his patient Physicians not only expected to perform well in treating his patient but also to be model citizen in the society. Treatment has to be administered in light of Islamic beliefs ACE

17. Really good source http://www.iiim.org/Files/History%20of%20Isl amic%20Medicine%20.pdf http://www.iiim.org/Files/History%20of%20Isl amic%20Medicine%20.pdf ACE