1. Population, Urbanization, and Environment
Chapter 15
Population, Urbanization, and Environment

2. Fertility
Fertility–The incidence of childbearing in a society’s population
Fecundity–Maximum possible childbearing
Crude birth rate–Number of live births in a given year for every thousand people
Calculating crude birth rate
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3. (a) Crud Birth Rates and Crude Death Rates, (b) Infant Mortality Rates, and (c) Life Expectancy around the World, 2011
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4. Mortality
Crude death rate–Number of deaths/year for every for every 1,000 people
Infant mortality rates
Number of deaths among infants under one for 1,000 live births in a year
Life expectancy–The average life span of a country’s population
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5. Migration Voluntary migration–Due to economic push and pull factors
Involuntary migration–Forced migration due to war or other social conflict
Immigration–Movement into a territory
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6. Migration Emigration–Movement out of a territory Rates
In-migration rate
Out-migration rate
Net migration rate
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7. Population Change across the United States
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8. Population Growth
Fertility, morality, and migration all affect the size of the population
A handy rule-of-thumb for estimating population growth is to divide a society’s
Population growth rate into the number 70
This yields the doubling time in years
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9. Population Growth in Global Perspective
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10. Population Composition
Sex ratio–The number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population
The US in 2007 had about 97 males to 100 females
In India, the ratio is 106
Age-sex pyramid–A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population
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11. Age-Sex Population Pyramids for the United States and Mexico, 2012
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12. Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth
Malthus’s prediction was flawed
Malthus: Population increase would lead to social chaos
People would reproduce at rates exceeding their ability to produce sufficient food
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13. Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth
Limits included artificial birth control (morally wrong) or abstinence (unlikely)
Seen as “the dismal parson” because war and famine were our future
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14. Demographic Transition Theory
Stage one (preindustrial, agrarian)
High birth rates due to economic value of children and lack of birth control
Stage two (early industrial)
High birth rate and lowered death rate boosts population growth
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15. Demographic Transition Theory
Stage three (mature industrial)
Population surge drops as affluence transforms children into economic liability
Stage four (postindustrial)
Economic realities force drop in birth rates
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16. Demographic Transition Theory
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17. Global Population The low-growth north The high-growth south
Zero population growth–Level of reproduction that maintains population in a steady state
The high-growth south
Population growth is a critical problem in several poor countries
The Demographic Divide
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18. The Growth of Cities Urbanization–Concentration of population
The evolution of cities
First city was Jericho, north of the Dead Sea
Pre-industrial European cities date back 5,000 years to the Greeks
Industrial European cities began as the Middle Ages ended
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19. Growth in US Cities Colonial settlement (1565-1800)
Capitalism’s effect upon small villages ensured transformation
Urban expansion ( )
Towns sprang up along transportation routes
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20. Growth in US Cities Metropolitan era (1860-1950)
Effects of Civil War boosted growth
Metropolis–A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
Urban decentralization (1950-present)
Desertion of downtown areas for outlying suburbs
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22. Suburbs and Urban Decline
By 1999, most Americans lived in the suburbs and shopped at local malls.
Postindustrial sunbelt cities
Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, Phoenix, Houston
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23. Suburbs and Urban Decline
Megalopolis–Vast urban area containing a number of cities & surrounding suburbs
Edge cities: Office buildings, malls, hotels, and entertainment complexes
Rural rebound: Migration from urban areas
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24. Urban Life
Tönnies
Gemeinschaft–Social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition
Gesellschaft–Social organization; people together based on individual self-interest
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25. Urban Life
Durkheim
Mechanical solidarity–Social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values
Organic solidarity–Social bonds based on specialization and interdependence
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26. Urban Life Simmel Park and Wirth
Blasé attitude–”Tuning out,” a strategy for social survival
Park and Wirth
Urban organization; commercial centers, ethnic communities, and industrial districts
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27. Critical Analysis
Tönnies and Wirth saw the decline of personal ties and traditional morality.
Durkheim and Park emphasized
Urbanism’s positive points like greater autonomy and personal choice
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28. Critical Analysis Overlooks effects of class, race, & gender
Cities intensify social differences
Observed most clearly when categories of people form “critical masses”
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29. Population Profile for the 100 Largest U.S. Cities, 2010
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30. Urban Ecology Park and Burgess’s concentric zones
Business districts, factories ringed by housing
Hoyt’s wedge-shaped sectors
Industry forms along rail lines, fashionable areas next to old, fashionable areas
Harris & Ullman’s multicentered model
Cities decentralize
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31. Urban Ecology Social area analysis–What people have in common
Berry & Rees’ analysis uses many of the previous theories
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32. Urban Political Economy
Applies Karl Marx’s analysis of conflict in the workplace to conflict in the city.
City life is defined by people with power.
Capitalism
Transforms city to real estate traded for profit
Concentrates wealth & power in the hands of a few
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33. Environment & Society Ecology Natural environment
The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment
Natural environment
Earth’s surface and atmosphere including living organisms, air, water, soil
And other resources necessary to sustain life
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34. Environment & Society Ecosystem Environmental deficit
A system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment
Environmental deficit
Profound and long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus
On short-term material affluence
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35. Growth and Limits Logic of growth
More powerful technology has improved our lives & discoveries will make the future better
Critical analysis: Progress can lead to unexpected problems, resources are finite
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36. Growth and Limits Limits to growth
Humanity must implement policies to control growth of population, production
And resource use to avoid environmental collapse
Critical analysis: Long-range predictions are speculative
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37. Composition of Community Trash
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38. Solid Waste: The Disposable Society
We consume more products than virtually any other nation
More than half of our solid waste never goes away
Recycling–Reusing resources we would otherwise discard
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39. Water and Air Water Supply Water Pollution Air Pollution
About 1% of Earth’s water suitable for drinking
Water Pollution
US rivers and streams absorb hundreds of millions of pounds of toxic waste a year
Air Pollution
Air quality improved in 20th century
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40. The Environment Rain forest Global warming–
Region of dense forestation, most of which circles the globe near the equator
Global warming–
Rise in the earth’s average temperature caused by an increasing concentration of
Carbon dioxide & other gasses in the atmosphere
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41. The Environment Environmental racism Declining Biodiversity
Pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities
Nobody wants a factory or dump nearby, but the poor have little power to resist
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42. Looking Ahead: Toward a Sustainable Society and World
Urbanization is continuing, especially in poor countries
Humanity is facing a serious environmental challenge
The answer, in principle, is to create an ecologically sustainable culture
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