1. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Chapter 22 Population, Urbanization, and Environment

2. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Demography: The Study of Population: Fertility Fertility – the incidence of childbearing in a country’s population Fecundity –the potential for childbearing Crude birth rate – the number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people in a population – “Crude” because it takes into account everybody, not just women of childbearing age

3. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Mortality The incidence of death in a society’s population Crude death rate: Number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a population Infant mortality rate: Number of deaths among infants under one year for each 1000 live births Life expectancy: Average life span of a country’s population ( In Canada 2001: 77.1 for males, 82.2 for females)

4. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Migration Immigration: Movement into a territory Emigration: Movement out of a territory Internal migration: Movement within borders Net-migration rate: Net result of immigration and emigration

5. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Population Growth and Composition Affected by fertility, mortality, and migration High-income countries grow as much or more from immigration than fertility Canada’s growth rate at 0.3% is below world average Sex ratio: Number of males for every 100 females In Canada, below 100 because women outlive men Age-sex pyramid: A graphic representation of the age and sex of the population

6. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. History and Theory of Population Growth People favoured large families for productivity World population passed 1 billion in 1800 2 billion by 1930, and the rate started to accelerate 4 billion by 1974 6 billion+ today and adding 77 million per year 8-9 billion by 2050

7. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Malthusian Theory Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), warned of impending doom based on population projections Population growth increases in geometric progression (e.g., 2, 4, 8…), but food production in arithmetic progression (e.g., 2, 4, 6…). Result: people reproducing at rates that exceeded their ability to produce sufficient food Critical evaluation: Underestimation of human ingenuity and the role of inequality

8. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Demographic Transition Theory Stage one (pre-industrial, agrarian): High birth rate due to economic value of children and lack of birth control and high death rate. Stage two (early industrial): High birth rate and lowered death rate give a boost to population growth (many of the developing nations today mirror this stage). (Cont’d)

9. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Demographic Transition Theory (Cont’d) Stage three (mature industrial): Birth rates begin to decline to match death rates as population surge drops as affluence transforms children into economic liability Stage four (post-industrial): Economic realities force drop in birth rates to the point where growth is stagnant or very slow Critical evaluation: The key to population control may not be technology, but redistribution of resources

10. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Global Population Today The low-growth north – Zero population growth: level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady state – Postindustrial societies: population could decline – Abortion: 32.2/100 live births The high-growth south – While birth rates have fallen (six to four children per woman), 180 nations agreed that raising the status of women is a key element in controlling world population.

11. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Urbanization : The Growth of Cities The concentration of humanity into cities Evolution of cities First cities: Jericho (10 000 years ago) followed by cities in Egypt, China, Central and South America Pre-industrial cities: Greeks had city states and Romans founded cities in Europe. Industrial European cities: Industrial revolution brought a second urban revolution.

12. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Growth of North American Cities Colonial settlement (1624-1850): Montreal had a pop. of 5500 when Toronto was founded in 1793. Now Canada is 80% urban. Urban expansion: Towns sprang up along transportation routes. 1931 Canada was 50% urban. The metropolitan era: Industrialization gave boost to cities as factories strain to produce goods and workers flow in to the metropolis: a city that socially and economically dominates the area.

13. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Suburbs and Central Cities, and Inter-Regional Movement The suburbs and decentralization: Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city, but not like U.S. – Canadian cities had early urban renewal programs Megalopolis: A vast urban area containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs – St. Catherines to Oshawa, Ontario Countries can experience a population shift, e.g., to a resource boom in Alberta.

14. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Urbanism as a Way of Life Ferdinand Tonnies – Gemeinschaft – close ties through kinship and tradition – Gesellschaft – social relations are based on individual self-interest Emile Durkheim – Mechanical solidarity – social bonds based on common feelings and moral bonds – Organic solidarity – social bonds based on specialization and interdependence (Cont’d)

15. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Urbanism as a Way of Life (Cont’d) Georg Simmel – The development of a blasé attitude– tuning out – A strategy for social survival Robert Park and Louis Wirth – Urban organization based on distinctive ethnic communities, commercial centers, and industrial districts City dwellers are more tolerant than rural dwellers Critical evaluation: Wirth and others neglected class, race and ethnicity, and gender; many kinds of urbanites live in cities. Cities can intensify differences.

16. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Urban Ecology The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities: Park & Burgess’ concentric zones – Business districts ringed by factories ringed by housing Hoyt’s wedge-shaped sectors – Industry forms along rail lines, new fashionable areas next to old fashionable areas Harris & Ullman’s multicentred model – Cities decentralize and form many smaller centres

17. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Environment and Society Environmental problems result from human actions Ecology: Study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment. Ecosystem: Interaction of all living things and their natural environment Environmental deficit: Negative and profound long-term harm to environment from seeking affluence Logic of growth: Technology has benefited us and will continue to do so. Limits to Growth: Limits exist to what we can take out of the environment.

18. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Types of Environmental Problems Solid waste: Average N. American discards 2+ kg./day. We are a disposable society. Water: 1% of world’s water is suitable for drinking, and global consumption is 6 bil. cu.ft./yr. Must curb water consumption by industry and farming. Air: Overall improvement in industrial countries, but still a problems in low-income countries. (Cont’d)

19. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Types of Environmental Problems (Cont’d) Rain Forests: regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe close to the equator. – Falling victim to surging world population Global Warming: a rise in the earth’s average temperature due to increasing concentration of greenhouse gases, e.g., carbon dioxide. Declining biodiversity: loss of animals, plants, and micro organisms, by clearing forests

20. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Environmental Racism The pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities. Factories in poor neighbourhoods Cost of land for treatment facilities cheaper in poor neighbourhoods NIMBY (Not in my back yard) organizations in better-off neighbourhoods

21. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Looking Ahead: To a Sustainable World Ecologically sustainable culture: a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening future generations 1. Population growth will impose changes unless we are proactive. 2. Conserve finite resources: seek other sources of energy and conserve water. 3. Reduce and recycle waste.