1. DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO ENERGY CONSERVATION IN RAILWAY WORKSHOPS: A CASE STUDY OF TWO MAJOR CENTRES IN SOUTH INDIA Suresh D. Mane & Dr. N. Nagesha

2. Outline Introduction Literature review Objective and Scope Statistical Methodology Results & Discussions Conclusions Acknowledgement References

3. INTRODUCTION Energy Supplies – Finite & Dwindling Environmental Issues, Costs – On the rise CO 2 – 350 ppm India – Annually10,48,533 Million Units (MU) supply is 9,78,301 MU a deficit of 6.7%. Peak requirement - 1, 44,225 MW, Deficit 6.2% Installed Capacity Constraints Oil Imports @ 80% of requirement Outflow of foreign exchange Rs 5 lakh Crores p.a.

4. INDIAN RAILWAYS India's largest energy consumer - 2.5% of nation’s total electricity and 40% of diesel. 2012-13, 17.15 billion units of electricity and 2.35 billion liters of diesel 2014-15 – Rs 35,474 Crores i.e. 20% World's third largest network Resource Crunch – FDI, PPP 11 National EC Awards, the highest ever by any industry, BEE in 2012

5. 11 Departments R&D infrastructure, Expenses marginal Electricity DieselTotal Billion Units Amount in Crores of Rs Billion litres Cost in Crores of Rupees 17.159,6192.3516,84826,467 Railway Energy Management Company formed in 2013 + PTC

6. RAILWAY WORKSHOPS Workshops – Maintenance of Locomotives, coaches and wagons 41 Workshops, 20 Coach maintenance Study relates to – Carriage Repair Workshop, (UBLS) Hubli and Central Workshops, Mysore (MYSS) Established in 1885 and 1924

7. Abbreviations PoH – Periodical Overhaul ( 18 months periodicity) IoH – Intermediate Overhaul ( 9 months, only Bogie) RSP – Rolling Stock Programme FA – Factor Analysis PCA – Principal Component Analysis

8. Scope of Study 1.Carriage Repair Workshop – Hubli (UBLS) Est. in 1885, 3400 Workforce (ISO-9001) 2. Central Workshop – Mysore (MYSS) Est. in 1924, 1800 Workforce ( ISO 9001,14001,18001) MG, Steam Era, Wooden Coaches, 4 Wheel Stock 8Suresh D. Mane & Dr. N. Nagesha

10. UBLS as on 1.1.13 AREA1,05,200 SQ MT COVERED AREA40,000 SQ MT TRACK6 KM AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRICITY CONUMPTION1,35,000 UNITS D.G. SET500 KVA 2 No,s STAFF3095 MACHINERY & PLANT590 No’s Suresh D. Mane & Dr. N. Nagesha10

11. Wooden Bodied Coach Steel bodied Coach LHB Coach (SS)

12. MYSS on 1.1.13 AREA1,01,171 SQ MTR COVERED AREA30,565 SQ MTR TRACK7.2 KM AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRICITY CONUMPTION 63,500 UNITS D.G. SET250 KVA 2 Nos STAFF1990 MACHINERY & PLANT220 Suresh D. Mane & Dr. N. Nagesha12

13. UBLS Activities Mfg of Bogie PoH, IoH, RSP Mfg of brake van

14. MYSS Activities PoH, IoH Mfg of Toy train LHB Coach Maintenance Brake Block Mfg

15. TECHNICAL STAFF DEPLOYMENT ACTIVITYUBLSMYSS COACH IOH,POH,RFB13411161 FABRICATION/MFG ACTIVITY 7010 COMPOSITE BRAKE BLOCK MFG 026 OUTSTATION, SERVICE ACTIVITY 243133 TOTAL22851320 Suresh D. Mane & Dr. N. Nagesha15

16. Organisational Structure of IR Workshops (41) and Divisions (67) Zonal Railways (17) Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways)

17. LITERATURE REVIEW Nagesha and Balachandra (2006) found that Financial & Economic barrier was the top barrier group followed by Behavioral & Personal barrier in the SSI sector. Patrick Thollander et al (2013) driving forces were found to be financially related followed by organizational driving forces. EC potential - 7.5%.

18. Somashekar and Nagesha (2010) -10 factors influencing domestic household energy consumption in India using FA Gunther Ellwanger (UIC, 2013) Average external cost of transport per passenger (in Euros per 1000 km) was least for Rail. The results in Euros per 1000 km for others are; Car – 72, Aviation 52, Bus 32, and Rail -18.

19. Jenny Palm and Patrik Thollander (2010) Cost effective EETs - lack of information, procedural impediments and routines not favouring energy efficiency. (LCC) Weber (1997), consumption belongs to the realm of technology but EC to the realm of society. Social factors are relevant, in addition to technology. Baranzi and Giovannini (1996) link energy consumption to four major factors viz. technological, economic and financial, institutional and cultural.

20. METHODOLOGY Drivers – 7 drivers identified. Forced ranking methodology was adopted using the weighted average method. Barriers – 25 variables, Factor analysis was applied using SPSS software version 20.

21. BARRIERS- FACTOR ANALYSIS SAMPLE & POPULATION Total -124 respondents 5 Point Likert Scale 25 variables, UBLS has 235 supervising engineers and seven technical officers MYSS has 157 supervising engineers and six technical officers 82 from UBLS and 42 from MYSS Sample - 34 % of population at UBLS Sample - 26 % population at MYSS.

23. Chief Workshop Manger (CWM) Dy. Chief Workshop Manager (Dy. CWM) Workshop Personnel Officer (WPO) Sr. Material Manager (SMM) Sr. Asst. Finan. Advisor (Sr. AFA) Works Manager (WM) Production Engineer (PE) Divisional Elec. Engr. (DEE) Asst. Electrical Engr. (AEE) Asst. Workshop Mgr (AWM) Asst. Workshop (AWM) Asst. Workshop Mgr (AWM) Senior Section Engineer (SSE) Junior Engineer (JE) Technicians Support Staff

24. Factor Analysis Multivariate Statistical approach to analyze interrelationships among variable Common dimensions/factors/components Data reduction Sample adequacy – 100 acceptable ( Min 50) Overall Significance of Correlation matrix – KMO & Bartlett test

25. Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO) & Bartlett’s test for sphericity Compares the magnitude of observed correlation coefficients with the magnitude of partial correlation coefficient. Higher the better correlation between variables can be explained by other variables. The Bartlett’s test of sphericity takes the determinant of the correlation matrix into consideration. KMO value for the combined responses at 0.770 (should be > 0.50), Bartlett’s test for sphericity - 0.000 level (Should be < 0.05) Meeting the requirements.

26. PCA methodology Searches for the weight or factor score coefficient so that the first factor explains the largest population of variance. This explained variance is subtracted from the original input matrix so as to yield a residual matrix. A second principal factor is extracted from the residual matrix in such a way that the second takes care of most of the residual variance and so on, and this procedure is repeated until there is a very little variance to be explained.

27. Factor loading Correlation coefficient between the factor score and variable is called factor loading. Factor loadings are used to compute Eigen values for each factor and the communalities of each variable. For the interpretation of factor, the factor loading matrix is rotated. The main purpose of rotation is to bring the smallest loadings close to zero and its largest loading towards unity. Varimax method for rotation. After completing the rotation, a cut off point for factor loading is selected. > 0.5, and the same is adopted Thus, variables with a loading of > 0.5 naming the factor appropriately.

28. VARIABLES Employee MotivationTechnology of Machines AttitudePrompt Decisions Optimum UtilisationFinance Department EC CapabilityAwards for Motivation Inventory ManagementFocus on quality Monitoring HealthMachine Handling Regular MeetingsProcurement process Increasing AwarenessCentralized Decision-Making Preventive Maintenance Least Cost Procurement Policy Periodical TrainingEgo/Feeling of Insignificance Role of Trade Unions Transfer Policy

30. Total Variance explained for combined data from workshops Component Initial Eigen ValueExtracted Sum of Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Tota l % Vari ance Cum ulati ve % Tota l % Vari ance Cum ulati ve % Tota l % Vari ance Cum ulati ve % 16.725.7 6.725.7 3.814.7 21.97.533.21.97.533.22.49.424.1 31.86.940.11.86.940.12.38.832.9 41.55.745.81.55.745.81.97.540.4 51.45.451.21.45.451.21.97.247.6 61.34.856.01.34.856.01.66.253.7 71.14.460.41.14.460.41.66.159.8 81.14.364.71.14.364.71.34.864.7

31. Rank Variables Co- relation Mean Variable Score Average Factor Score Factor Name 1 Employee Motivation0.804.36 Motivation 2 Attitude0.754.32 4.27 Knowledge & Attitude Optimum Utilisation0.644.30 EC Capability0.554.39 3 Inventory Management0.744.18 4.27 Preventive Measures Monitoring Health0.724.19 Regular Meetings0.724.05 Increasing Awareness0.674.37 Preventive Maintenance0.614.35 Periodical Training0.584.41 Technology of Machines0.534.32 4 Prompt Decisions0.734.23 3.88 Timely Decision- Making Finance Department0.603.54 5 Awards for Motivation0.734.06 3.86Recognition Focus on quality0.703.66 6 Machine Handling0.684.09 3.85 Management Agility Procurement process0.663.79 Centralized Decision-Making0.563.68 7 Least Cost Procurement Policy0.733.78 3.51 Procurement Policy Ego/Feeling of Insignificance0.613.25 8 Role of Trade Unions0.852.90 3.06 Human Resource Factor Transfer Policy0.533.22

32. DRIVERS TO EC 1. Dedication of Management, Supervisors and Staff towards EC. 2. Awareness of Associates for Adoption of latest Technologies. 3. Capacity Utilization of Machinery and equipment. 4. Top Management viz. Zonal Head Quarters and Railway Boards drive for EC. 5. Education of Associates, Training provided, and Skill developed due to experience. 6. Recognition, Motivation by Management for EC activities. 7. Concern for planet earth, and Environment protection.

33. Respondents Profile Shop ( UBLS)No. of respondents Carriage Shop23 Production Shop15 Maintenance & Training 18 Electrical & Officers 16 Total82 Shop ( UBLS)Responde nts MYSS PG in Engg20 Engg Graduates1814 Engg Diploma6228 8242 Total Population242163 Respondents Designation MYSSUBLSAverage Age Average Experience in Years Junior Engineer638 16 Senior Section Engineer 31404824 Officers545025 Total Experience in Years 8682379 Average Experience2029

34. Results & Discussions

35. Weighted Average Scores of Drivers by various groups at UBLS Nomenclature D Dedication of Management A Awareness of Associates C Capacity Utilisation T Top Management drive E Education of Associates R Recognition P Concern for planet earth

36. Comparative weighted Average Scores of Drivers by UBLS and MYSS Nomenclature DDedication of Management AAwareness of Associates CCapacity Utilisation TTop Management drive EEducation of Associates RRecognition PConcern for planet earth

37. Acknowledgement The authors also warmly thank all the Officers and Engineers of the Carriage Repair Workshop Hubli and Central Workshops Mysore who have freely given their valuable time for this study. 37Suresh D. Mane & Dr. N. Nagesha

38. Thank You and have a good day

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