1. Corresponds to Chapters 13 and14
The Middle Ages
Corresponds to Chapters
13 and14

2. Invaders attack Western Europe
The Vikings invade the North
Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandanavia
Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland
Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity & become farmers
Magyars & Muslims Attack from the East & South
Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade W. Europe in late 800s
Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy & Spain
Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread disorder, suffering

3. A new social order: Feudalism
Feudalism Structures Society
850 – 950, feudalism emerges – political system based on land control
A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services
Vassals – people who receive fiefs – become powerful landholders
The Feudal Pyramid
Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, w/ king at the top
Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom
Knights defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs

4. Feudalism Con’t The Feudal Pyramid
Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, w/ king at the top
Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom
Knights defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs

5. Feudalism and Social Classes
Social Classes are well defined
Medieval feudal system classifies people into 3 social groups
Those who fight: nobles & knights
Those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of Church
Those who work: peasants
Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants
Most peasants are serfs – people lawfully bound to place of birth
Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord

6. Manors: The economic side of feudalism
The Lord’s Estate
The Lord’s estate, a manor, has an economic system (manor system)
Serfs & free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain
The lord provides housing, farmland, protection from bandits

7. A self- contained World
Medieval manors include lord’s house, church, workshops, village
Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient

8. The harshness of Manor life
Peasants pay tax to use mill & bakery; pay a tithe to priest
Tithe – church tax – is equal to 1/10th of a peasant’s income
Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw beds
Daily life consists of raising crops, livestock; feeding & clothing family
Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years
Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s Plan

9. Knights: Warriors on Horseback
The Warrior’s role in feudal society
By 1000s, W. Europe is a battleground of warring nobles
Feudal lords raise private armies of knights
Knights rewarded w/land; provides income needed for weapons
Knights’ other activities help train them for combat

10. The Code of Chivalry
By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry – a set of ideals on how to act
They are to protect weak & poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady
A knight’s training
Boys begin to train at 7; usually knighted at 21
Knights gain experience in local wars & tournaments – mock battles

11. The reality of warfare Castles are huge fortresses where lords live
Attacking armies use wide range of strategies & weapons
See page 366 in textbook

13. Poems & Songs Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds & adventures
Troubadours – traveling poet-musicians – write & sing short verses
Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of Acquitaine
Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Hearted

14. Women’s role in feudal society
Status of women
According to the Church & feudal society, women are inferior to men
Noblewomen
Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s request
Usually confined to activities of the home or convent
Peasant Women
Most labor in home & field, bear children, provide for family
Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age

15. The Power of the Medieval Church
The Pope
Head of the Church was called “pope”
The Pope gets name from Latin word for “father”; considered the father of the church
In beginning of the Church, nobles could pick the Pope

16. The Sacraments
sacraments = church rituals done to get God’s grace. Without God’s grace, you couldn’t get into Heaven
Examples of sacraments are baptism, penance, & the Eucharist (Communion)
If you did something wrong, the church could excommunicate you (kick you out); can’t receive sacraments, won’t go to Heaven

17. The Power of Mass Mass = name for church services
Mass conducted in Latin, most peasants did not understand it; gave priests a lot of power over the people
Peasants got info from statues, paintings, & windows

18. Noble Influence
The Church supposed to be a religious institution; nobles used church for their own gain
“Donations” of land & money to church could result in a position as a bishop or other church official
People that the king or a noble didn’t like could be threatened w/ excommunication unless agree w/ nobles

19. Monastic Life
Monks/ nuns tried to avoid problems w/ taking money from nobles & lived simple lives
took vows of silence & lived separate from rest of world
spent lives making schools & hospitals, providing for poor/needy, producing beautiful copies of books by hand

20. The Church as a Judge
The regular church was still very powerful & had courts in which it could try people for crimes against the church
One of the biggest crimes was called heresy (denial of church teachings)
Heretics (people who committed heresy) were excommunicated from the church
Heresy considered as bad as treason

21. The Inquisition a court set up to prosecute heretics
People could be accused of heresy by their enemies, investigated by the church
Sometimes heretics tortured to try & get them to confess to their crimes

22. The Crusades Goals of the Crusades
Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem & reunite Christianity
Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble
Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting
Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade

23. The 1st & 2nd Crusades
Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in Heaven
1st Crusade: 3 armies gather at Constantinople in 1097
Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099
Captured lands along coast divided into 4 Crusader states
Muslims take back one in 1144; 2nd Crusade fails to retake it
1187: Saladin – Muslim leader – retakes Jerusalem

24. The 3rd Crusade 3rd Crusade led by 3 powerful rulers
Richard the Lion-Hearted: king of England
Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing w/ Richard
Frederick I of Germany drowns during journey
1192: Richard & Saladin make peace
Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city

25. Later Crusades 4th Crusade: Crusaders loot Constantinople in 1204
2 other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims

26. Outcome of the Crusades
Most of Spain controlled by the Moors (a Muslim people)
Christians fight Reconquista – drive Muslims from Spain,
Spain has inquisition – court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians
The Crusades change life
Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight
Women who stay home manage estates & business affairs
Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from SW Asia
Failure of later Crusades weakens pope & nobles, strengthens kings
Crusades create lasting bitterness bt Muslims & Christians

27. Changes in Medieval Society
Changes in agriculture
Harnessed horses replace oxen in pulling plows & wagons
Horses plow 3 times as much a day, increasing food supply
The 3-field System
Around 800, 3-field system used: plant 2 fields, let one rest
This produces more food & leads to population increase

28. Development of Guilds
Guilds develop – organization of people in the same occupation
Merchant guilds begin 1st; they keep prices up, provide security
Skilled artisans form craft guilds
Guilds set standards for quality, wages, prices, working conditions
Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft
The wealth of guilds influences govt. & economy

29. The Commercial Revolution
Fairs & Trade
Europe sees Commercial Revolution – changes in business & trade
Trade fairs held several times a year in towns
Trade routes open to Asia, N.Africa, & Byzantine ports
Business & Banking
Merchants develop credit to avoid carrying large sums of money
Merchants take out loans to purchase goods, & banking grows
Society Changes
Economic changes lead to the growth of cities & of paying jobs

30. Urban life flourishes Growing urban population
, Europe’s pop. rises from million
Most towns are small, but they help drive change
Trade & towns grow together
Towns are uncomfortable: crowded, dirty, fire hazards
Serfs can become free by living in a town for a year & a day
Merchant class shifts the social order
Feudal lords tax & govern towns, causing resentment
Towns are taken over by town merchants (burghers)

31. England Develops The Norman Conquest
In 1066, England is invaded by William the Conqueror
He defeats his rival & becomes king
William hands out land to his supporters
Juries & Common Law
Henry II – king of England – sends judges to all parts of England & institutes juries
The judges’ decisions form English common law – unified body of laws
Common law forms the basis of law in many English-speaking countries

32. The Magna Carta
1215: English nobles force King John to sign Magna Carta
Magna Carta – limits king’s power & guarantees basic political rights
English people argue the rights are for all people, not just nobles
The Model Parliament
1295: Edward I summons wealthy townsmen & knights to raise taxes
Together w/ bishops & lords, they form a parliament – legislative body
Parliament has 2 houses: House of Lords, House of Commons

33. The Model Parliament
1295: Edward I summons wealthy townsmen & knights to raise taxes
Together w/ bishops & lords, they form a parliament – legislative body
Parliament has 2 houses: House of Lords, House of Commons

34. Whats with all the Numbers XVI V IV…

35. France
Hugh Capet and family rule small territory around Paris, power spreads and their rule last over 300 years.
Est. heriditary rule, eldest son…
Phillip II
15 yo, reigned for 45 years
Doubled lands through marrage
Created royal army

36. France Con’t Louis IX Phillip II’s grandson.
Puts a ban on private warfare Why?
Creates common currency Kings own. Why?

37. France Con’t Phillip IV, Phillip the Fair. Louis IX grandson
Called forth the Estates General to pay for wars.
EG assembly of clergy nobles and towns people. Never as powerful as parlaiment.

38. Henry IV
Has a major fight with Pope Gregory VII, the Pope condemned lay investure (the giving of symbols of office such as a ring or staff). King Henry refused to stop the practice. Pope proclaimed Henry deposed and urged the Germans to select another ruler. Henry went to the pope and begged for forgiveness. For 3 days he stood outside the gate begging for mercy. He was forgiven. In 1122 church officials and representation known as the Concordat of Worms allowed the King to name bishops and grant them land. Also gave the Pope the right to reject unworthy candidates.