1. A supplementary guide created by Jennifer Hunter

2.  Chemistry summed up in one definition is the study of matter specifically the movement of electrons.  Matter is anything that has mass in the universe, that is anything that takes up space. ▪ E.g. The clothes or jewelry you are wearing, or the apple you had for lunch. ▪ Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are incredibly small and their structure is unique to different elements.

3.  Since matter is anything that has mass it is important to be able to measure mass.  The Standard unit for measuring mass is the Kilogram

4.  Matter is typically divided into 3 different states.  Solids:  Have a definite size and shape ▪ Atoms or molecules are close together ▪ Minimal Movement/vibration

5.  Liquids:  Have a definite volume, but take the shape of their container.

6.  Gases:  Take both the shape and volume of their container ▪ Atoms/molecules are farthest apart with ▪ Lots of movement

7.  There are two major classifications Pure Substances and Mixtures  Pure Substances  Elements: made up of only one kind of atom  Compounds: made up of two or more kinds of atoms. ▪ Can only be separated by chemical means. ▪ Note: A molecule is a piece of a compound.

8.  Mixtures: combinations of two or more substances that retains its own chemical identity and its own properties.  Heterogeneous mixtures: a combination of two or more individual materials which keep their original properties when mixed together ▪ E.g. Trail Mix

9.  Homogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures that have the same appearance throughout.  There are many examples of Homogeneous mixtures including salt water and air. ▪ Note: Homogenous mixtures are also called solutions.

10.  Based on the size of its largest particles a mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid.

11.  Solutions  When substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture.  Cannot see particles  E.g. Windshield wiper fluid, tap water, sugar water

12.  Suspensions  A heterogeneous mixture that separate into layers over time.  E.g. Dust in the air or Italian salad dressing

13.  Colloids  Mixture of particle size, but do not separate into layers.  E.g. Fog

15.  There are both physical and chemical properties of matter  Physical Properties:  Intensive- depend on the nature of the material ▪ Malleability- capability of being flattened or shaped into thin sheets by pounding with a hammer. ▪ Ductility- capability of being drawn out into a thin wire ▪ Conductivity- the ability to transfer heat or electricity ▪ E.g. color, smell, luster, texture, crystalline

16.  Physical Properties  Extensive- depend on the amount of material ▪ Mass ▪ Volume

17.  Physical Changes: changes only the appearance.  Dissolving  Centrifuging  Distillation  Boiling Point  The substance keeps its other properties  Evaporation  Filtration  Chromatography  Melting point

18.  Chemical Properties: the ability of a substance to react with another substance or decompose.  E.g. corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity

19.  Chemical Changes: occur when atoms rearrange to transform the original substance into a different substance.  E.g. A bike rusting

20.  Physical and Chemical changes in matter are always accompanied by changes in energy.  Changes in Kinetic, Potential, and Thermal energy for an object will help to decide if the reaction is either ▪ Exothermic- energy is released into the surrounding through heat, light, or sound ▪ Endothermic- energy is absorbed by the object; temperature decreases.

21.  Law of Conservation of Mass:  Matter is neither created nor destroyed; it only changes form.  The total amount of matter in the universe remains constant.

22.  Law of Conservation of Energy:  Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it only changes form.  The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.

23.  Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy  The sum of mass and energy is conserved  Mass and energy can be changed from one to the other  The total cannot be increased or decreased

24.  http://hubpages.com/hub/Heterogeneous-and-Homogeneous- Mixtures http://hubpages.com/hub/Heterogeneous-and-Homogeneous- Mixtures  http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006- 21508/group14/rooms.html http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006- 21508/group14/rooms.html  http://answers.com/topic/solution http://answers.com/topic/solution  http://mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/newspapers/future_of_newsp apers_looking_on_the_bright_side_93850.asp http://mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/newspapers/future_of_newsp apers_looking_on_the_bright_side_93850.asp  http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/blb9ch01 02.html http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/blb9ch01 02.html  http://mrsdlovesscience.com/measure.html http://mrsdlovesscience.com/measure.html  http://hackedgadges.com/2006/09/01/alcohol-stove http://hackedgadges.com/2006/09/01/alcohol-stove  http://thriftyfun.com/tf34205129.tip.html http://thriftyfun.com/tf34205129.tip.html  http://suwaneedental.com/travel/travel-vancouver-2004.htm http://suwaneedental.com/travel/travel-vancouver-2004.htm