1. The New Production of Knowledge
Michael Gibbons, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott, Martin Trow

2. Mode 1 and Mode 2 Single discipline-based
Problem formulation governed by interests of specific community
Problems set and solved in (largely) academic context
Trans-disciplinary, involving a diverse range of specialists
Problem formulation governed by interests of actors involved with practical problems
Problems set and solved in application-based context

3. Mode 1 and Mode 2
Newtonian model of science specific to a field of enquiry
Research practice conforms to norms of discipline’s definition of “scientific”
Quasi-permanent, institutionally-based teams
Emergent theoretical / conceptual framework not reducible to single discipline
Research practice reflexive and socially accountable
Short-lived, problem-defined, non-institutional teams

4. Mode 1 and Mode 2 Hierarchical and conservative team organization
Normative, rule-based, “scientific” knowledge produced
“Innovation” seen as production of “new” knowledge
Non-hierarchical and transient team organization
Consensual, continuously negotiated, knowledge produced
“Innovation” also seen as reconfiguration of existing knowledge for new contexts

5. Mode 1 and Mode 2 Separate knowledge production and application
Dissemination is discipline-based through institutional channels
Research practice should be “good science”
Integrated knowledge production and application
Dissemination is through collaborating partners and social networks
Dynamic research practice characterized by on the move problem-solving

6. These slides were originally prepared by David Campbell, a visiting scholar at GWU, based on the book, The New Production of Knowledge