1. URINARY DISORDERS

2. RENAL CALCULI (Kidney Stone)
Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid
Gradually they grow larger until they block the ureter
First symptom – severe pain
Other symptoms – nausea and vomiting, urine frequency, chills, fever, and hematuria

3. RENAL CALCULI (KIDNEY STONES
Diagnosis – by symptoms, utlrasound, or x-ray
Rx – increase fluids to flush out stones, medications, and if needed - LITHOTRIPSY

4. LITHROTRIPSY Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones
Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up
Done on outpatient basis
                                                    

5. Cystitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladder
Most common cause – E.Coli
Symptoms = DYSURIA (painful urination) and frequency
Usually in females (shorter urethra)
Rx - antibiotics

6. Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney (kidney infection)

7. Incontinence
Involuntary urination

8. Dialysis Used for kidney failure
Involves the passage of blood through a device with semipermeable membrane
Dialysis serves as a substitute kidney

9. Hemodialysis Blood from patient flows through machine and its filtered
Usually a FISTULA is created (opening between vein and artery) for inserting needles
Can be done at home or in clinic
Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week

10. Peritoneal Dialysis Uses the peritoneal lining to filter blood
Dialysate (cleaning solution) flows in and out via a catheter tube

11. Kidney Transplant Done as a last resort
Involves donor organ from someone with a similar immune system
Main complication - rejection

12. Urinary Conditions ENURESIS - bedwetting GLYCOSURIA – sugar in urine
NOCTURIA – frequent
urination at night
Hematuria – blood in urine

13. More Urinary Conditons
Polyuria—large amounts of urine
Anuria—no urine is produced
Oliguria—small or scant amount of urine—early sign of kidney failure
Pyuria—pus in the urine

14. Diuretic Also called “fluid pill”
Drug or substance to increase urine production