1. Diabetes Mellitis
inadequate secretion of insulin
without insulin, blood glucose levels are extremely high, and excess glucose remains in the nephron.

2. The high osmotic gradient prevents water re-absorption and increases urine production.
Sugar is found in the urine

3. Diabetes Insipidus lack of ADH production
urine output increases up to 20L/day
no sugar in urine

4. Nephritis inflammation of the nephrons
Protein in the urine is a common symptom
The osmotic gradient also causes an increase in urine production.
Nephritis can lead to irreversible kidney damage and eventual kidney failure.

5. Dialysis Hemodialysis
Artificial kidney machine connects to a vein and pumps blood through semipermeable tubes submerged in a solution to remove waste

6. Dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis-a catheter is inserted through abdominal lining.
Fluid is injected to collect waste and is drained

8. Kidney Stones Crystallized oxalic acid and/or calcium and/or phosphate
Painful!

9. Kidney Stones Treatment: Surgical removal Drugs to dissolve
Lithotripsy-shock waves

10. Kidney Transplant
In 2002 there were 48 transplants done in Edmonton.